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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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HioiQgraphic 

Sciences 

CorporatiGn 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRHT 

WnSTIR.N.Y.  14SM 

(716)  •73-4503 


4^ 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inatituta  for  Hiatorical  Microraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquaa 


Tochnical  and  Bibliographic  Notos/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  instituta  has  attemptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  avallabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 


a 
n 

D 
D 


Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


r~~1    Covars  damagv9d/ 


Couvartura  andommagia 


Covers  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurte  at/ou  pallicuMa 


I         Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


D 


Coloured  init  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  da  coulaur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relit  ayac  d'autras  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  posslbla.  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissant  dans  la  taxte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmias. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


Tha 
toll 


L'institut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  exemplaira 
qu'll  lui  a  6ti  possible  da  se  procurer.  Les  details 
da  cat  exemplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atra  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibllographiqua.  qui  pauvant  modifier 
une  image  reprou  jite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithoda  normaie  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 
0 
D 
IZl 


D 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6as 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  pelliculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolor^es.  tachaties  ou  piquAas 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachtes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


Tha 
posi 
oft! 
film 


Orig 

bagi 

the 

sion 

oth« 

first 

sion 

oril 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  intgala  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprand  du  material  supplimantaira 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Tha 
shal 
TINI 
whi( 

Map 
diffi 
antii 
bagi 
right 
raqii 
mati 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  bast  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalament  ou  partiallement 
obscurcies  par  un  fauillat  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  film6es  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtanir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dassous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


7 


20X 


asx 


30X 


24X 


28X 


1 


32X 


e 

fttails 
•  du 
lodifier 
r  une 
Image 


The  copy  filmed  here  ha*  been  reproduced  thanke 
to  the  generoaity  of: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 

The  Imagea  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  In  printed  papsr  covera  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  bacit  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


L'exempiaire  filmA  fut  reprodult  grAce  h  la 
gAnirosit*  de: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 


>s 


Les  images  sulvantes  ont  AtA  reprodultes  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet*  de  rexemplaire  fllm4.  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fllmage. 

Les  exemplalres  origlnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  soht  fllmfo  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  piet  et  en  termlnant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'iliustratlon,  soit  par  ie  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplalres 
origlnaux  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreasion  ou  d'iliustratlon  et  en  termlnant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
smpreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  das  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernlAre  Image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signlfle  "A  SUiVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  l>e  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  In  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  plannhes,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  teux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  seul  cllchA,  II  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
liiustrent  la  mAthode. 


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to 


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1 

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6 

THE  NORTH-WEST  DURING  THE  REVOLUflONv 


ANNUAL  ADDRESS 


•  f  •«  • 


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BEFORE   THE 


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STATE  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 


OF  WISCONSIN, 


Tuesday  Evenings  January  31,  1S71, 


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By  Hon.  CHARLES  I.  WALKER,  op  Detroit. 


:PuhiiMhed  by  Order  of  the  Legislature. 


MADISON,  WIS,: 

ATWOOD  &  OULVER,  STATE  PRINTERS,  JOURNAL  BLOCK. 
1871a 


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INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 


While  this  excellent  production  is  passing  through  the  press,  and  beyond  the 
reach  of  consultation  with  the  author,  I  have  ventured,  as  the  Editor  of  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  to  append  a  few  historical  notes  where  the 
context  seemed  to  require  them. 

The  intelligent  reader  need  scarcely  be  reminded,  that  this  Address  contains 
much  new  matter  relative  to  an  interesting  period  of  our  frontier  history,  especially 
pertaining  to  the  British  and  Indian  forays  having  their  origin  and  stimulus  at  De- 
troit, the  headquarters  of  British  influence  in  the  North-West  during  the  border 
warfare  of  the  Revolution.  L.  C.  D. 


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u'i- .;;  nia;  .i;  a 


THE  NORTH-WEST  DURING  THE  REVOLUTION. 


M 

*.*ii 
ii 


"  The  Nortli-Wosl  "  has  had,  in  our  histor}-,  no  fixed  locality. 
It  has  l)ecn  constantly  receding  from  the  Atlantic  coast  with  each 
advancing  wave  of  the  great  tide  of  emigration,  and  has  in  suc- 
cession crossed  the  Allcghanies, — passed  beyond  the  Great  Lakes 
— the  Mississipi)i — the  desert  plains  of  the  West — and  the 
Rocky  ISFountains;  and  its  onward  march  has  only  been  stayed 
by  the  Avaters  of  the  Pacific. 

But  the  North-West  of  which  1  shall  speak,  has  a  well  defined 
locality  and  fixed  boundaries.  It  comprises  the  region  encom- 
passed by  the  Ohio,  the  Mississippi  and  the  Great  Lakes,  and 
embraces  the  territory  now  occii[)ied  by  the  five  great  States  of 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  V\'isconsin,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  over  nine  millions,  and  rich  with  the  productions  of  human 
industry  and  human  art. 

No  other  section  of  the  Union  of  the  samv  area,  comprises  so 
many  advant.agea,  or  is  capable  of  sustaining  so  dense  a  popula- 
tion. With  scenery  of  great  and  diversified  beauty,  a  climate 
varied  and  delightful,  a  soil  of  surpassing  richness  and  fertility, 
sustaining  a  wealth  of  timl)er  that  the  energies  of  man  cannot 
destroy  for  generations  to  come,  with  exhaustless  mines  of  lead, 
iron,  coal,  copper  and  salt,  and  traversed  and  environed  by  noble 
rivers  and  Great  I^akes,  the  equal  of  which  are  not  to  be  found  up- 
on the  face  of  the  earth,  it  is  not  surprising  that  its  growth  in 
population  and  wealth  is  without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of  the 
world. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  American  Revolution,  there  was 
not  a  settlement  of  English  origin  within  this  whole  territory,  and 
its  entire  population,  other  than  Indians,  did  not  probably  exceed 
five  thousand. 


6 


.\Att  \ 


.]-'.  -f   n 


From  the  time  tho  flag  of  Groat  Britain  was  raised  at  James- 
town,  in  1G07,  and  that  of  r'rauco  had  been  unfurled  from  tin; 
heights  of  Qucbeo  the  following  year,  for  a  century  and  a  half, 
the  mighty  struggle  had  been  going  on  between  these  two  great 
nations  for  the  dominion  of  a  continent.  The  combatants  were 
worthy,  and  the  prize  well  worth,  tho  combat.  That  contest  was 
determined  by  the  victory  of  Wolfu,  upon  the  plains  of  Abra- 
ham, on  the  17th  day  of  September,  1759;  and  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  of  17G3,  France  ceded  to  Great  Britain  her  American  do- 
minions from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  tho  Mississippi. 

Previous  to  this  period  some  of  the  English  colonies  had  laid 
claims,  and  sometimes  conflicting  claims,  to  portions  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  which  we  speak,  but  they  had  in  fact  exercised  no  juris- 
diction over  it.  The  whole  territory  was  in  tho  occupation  of 
France,  and  in  her  grand  design  of  hemming  in  the  English  col- 
onics and  connecting  Canada  Avith  Louisiana,  she  had  dotted  it 
with  trading  posts,  missionary  stations,  settlements  and  forts.     > 

,,    ,        .    ,     ;^  THE  NORTH-WEST  IN  1783.        ;.,j,..;^, 

To  understand  this  period  of  history,  it  is  essential  that  wc 
obtain  a  clear  idea  of  the  settlements  and  forts  existing  at  the 
time  of  this  conquest,  their  locality,  strength  and  character. 

Detroit  was  founded  in  1701,  and  a  fort,  called  Ponchertrain, 
erected  upon  the  high  bank  of  the  river.  This  had  long  since 
gone  to  decay.  The  town  proper  occupied  only  about  threci 
acres,  and  was  enclosed  by  pickets,  variously  stated  to  be  from 
fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  high,  and  pierced  by  four  gates  defend- 
ed by  block  houses  and  gims.  There  were,  within  the  pickets, 
from  80  to  100  dwellings,  all  of  logs,  exc(ipt  the  house  of  the 
Governor  or  Commandant,  and  the  enclosure  contained  a  popu- 
lation of  about  six  hundred.  The  settlement  extended  from  the 
fort  up  and  down  the  river  on  both  sides  about  eight  miles,  and 
when  Major  Rogeiis  took  possession  for  the  British  Government, 
in  November,  1760,  he  estimated  the  entire  population  of  town 
and  settlement,  at  about  3,500,  of  which  number  500  were  capa- 
ble of  bearing  arms.  They  were  all  French.  Their  farms  were 
all  narrow  and  deep,  with  a  frontage  on  the  river,  so  that  the 
houses  were  near  together.     They  were  kept  neatly  whitewash- 


eu 


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n 


ed,  and  presented,  especially  from  tlio  water,  a  very  pieturescjue 
appearan(!e.  The  ^reat  iniportance  of  this  point  sprang  from  its 
position,  which  enabled  it  to  command  hirgcly  Indian  trade  and 
influence.    '-""  I'    •'  r-.  i."  ?^:r  ■«  t- »•>  r.m    Mi;;,-- 

At  Mackmnw^  Father  MAir^iURTTK  established  a  mission  as  early 
as  lt>71.  A  fort  was  erected  on  the  point  of  the  lower  peninsula 
in  l(iS(5.  Then;  was  at  this  time,  within  the  pickets,  about  .K* 
families,  and  as  many  more  without,  nimibering,  ])erhaps,  a  \i<^\>- 
ulati(m  of  about  400.  This  too,  was  an  important  point  witli 
ref(M'<Mice  to  th(^  Indian  trade. 

iSault  St.  Mdi'if  had  been  visited  by  missionaries  as  early  as 
1(541,  and  a  permanent  mission  was  established  in  10(18,  but  it 
was  now  a  very  insignificant  military  post,  surrounded  I)y  h 
small  cluster  of  French  houses.  '  '       *'   '  ■'  ■   '  •' 

f  Green  Bntj  was  occupied  as  a  missionary  station  in  l^JGK.  At 
this  period  it  had  a  sn)all  stoekadi;  fort,  and  p-obably  not  to  ex- 
ceed 50  inhabitants  besides  soldiers  and  tluur  families. 

I'^ort  )Sf.  Joscjy/i  was  a  small  stockade  neiir  the  mouth  of  tlie 
river  St.  .foseph,  and,  like  the  others,  had  around  it  a  small  clus- 
ter of  French  settlers  and  traders. 

The  same  n^ay  be  said  of  Fort  Miami,  (Fort  Wayne). 

Jb^ort  /SandiMki/  was  not  a  permanent  post,  and  had  no  settle- 
ment around  it. 


^,if'i  1.1 


SETTLEISIENTS    UPON    THE    WABASH. 


The  two  princijml  settlements  on  the  Wabash,  were  Viuceii- 
nes — then  called  Fort  St.  Vincent,  and  Waw-ca-ta-non,  near  La- 
fayette. According  to  Ceogiian,  there  were  at  Vincenues  in 
17G5,  about  80  or  'JO  French  families,  and  at  Waw-ca-ta-non,  14 
families  living  within  the  Fort,  and  there  were  doubtless  some 
small  intervening  settlements,     .s       .     -i  >  •  :    -.-  >,■  i         •  .  i 

These  settlements  on  the  Wabash  were  commenced  probably, 
as  early  as  1710-11,  and  seem  at  one  time  to  have  been  rich  in 
agricultural  productions,  which  found  a  market  down  the  Missis- 
sippi. 


.■! 


•)M  =  "!  '  >:''■'.    t.O.' 


SETTLEMENTS    IN    ILLINOIS. 


v.,  if   <H»'^. 

The  largest  settlements  in  the  North- West,  were  those  of  Illi- 
nois, of  which  Kaskaskia  w^as  the  oldest  and  the  principal.  In 
17(36  it  had  65  permanent  families. 


• 


4 


There  wcrr  bosMloH,  Ciihokiii  with  45famili«!8;  St.  Philip  with 
10  fiunilios;  Pruirii'-dii-ltoohor  with  1^  t'mnilicn;  b'ort  C'hurtit'H 
with  40  luinilioti.  This  fort  wuh  ereijtcJ  at  ^roat  (ixponso  by  tlie 
Froiush  in  17;iO,  re-huilt  in  1T")<),  and  was  for  a  h)n^  linm  the  stsut 
of  gt)Vfn)ni('nt  of  the  country  of  Illinois;  but  IImm  fort  was  un- 
derniiuc'd  by  the  rivt^r  about  177'^,  and  was  abandoned.  There 
waH  also  a  fort  at  KaskaHkia,  upon  u  rock  on  the  other  side  of 
the  river  from  the  v  illage. 

There  were  aji^ricultural  settlements  in  the  vicinity  of  these 
places,  and  the  entire  white  population  in  Illinois  was  probably 
about  M,Ol)().  There  were  also  many  slaves  in  the  country ;  one 
farm  kept  eighty.  .nM.iti  .  i.i  •■  ,,!k  ■  u,,,.'  if.i.'i-(.  uh  i,i 
Those  were  all  the  settlements  existing  in  the  North- West,  at 
the  Treaty  of  Paris  in  170;$,  and  the  tMitin;  white  population  did 
not  exceed  10,000,  fl,nd  was  exelu.sively  of  French  orif>in,  and  of 
the  Konuin  Catholic  relig'ion.  •.  -■;:  i.  j:  ■  .  .liiiif;  i-;,,  u  ,.mi  -htv 
If  we  were  to  trust  to  contemporaneous  English  accounts,  wc 
should  find  the  inhabitants  not  only  a  very  worthless  ])eopU^,  but 
positively  ifmvvorthy.  Thus,  Col.  Geokoe  Cuoghan,  deputy  of 
Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  who  visited  these  settlcmcmts  in  171)5,  says  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Vincenncs,  that  "  they  are  an  idle,  lazy  ])«!o- 
ple,  a  pared  of  renegades  from  Canada,  and  are  much  worse  tlian 
the  Indians;"  and  of  those  of  Detroit,  "  they  are  generally  ])oor 
wretches,  a  lazy,  idle  people,  depending  chiefly  on  the  savages 
for  subsisten(!e," — "  whose  uiauuers  and  customs  they  have  en- 
tirely adopted."         I-  ■■     ..T ..,  rV  1,.  ,.,  ■.>..;  .      h  ,,,i  ,.,,    ...f.  .^^i 

That  this  description  was  applicable  to  many  of  the  voif(Ojeurs 
and  coxrriei's  de  bois,  as  seen  about  the  towns,  is  undoubtedly 
true ;  but  as  a  description  of  the  inhabitants  generally,  it  is  most 
unjust.  •iii->i,!,?  MM.Kijit  r.iiii-  >■.(  -V'iiKa.'-.tiC}  •'hu  iit;.'ii-  btxw  ,>"'iiiH!i 
There  were  two  distinct  classes  of  these  hahitans,  both,  how- 
ever, having  the  same  general  and  national  charactt^ristics.  One 
was  the  class  of  active,  intelligent,  gentlemanly  traders  and  far- 
mers ;  many  of  them  of  respectable^  and  some  t)f  noble^  birth  and 
connections.  The  other  class  were  the  voyageurs,  conrriers  de 
bois  and  peasants.  Here,  side  by  side,  these  two  classes  planted 
their  residences,  and  lived  in  perfect  harmony ;  yet  each  in  his 
ov/n  sphere — each  contented  with  hjs  place. 


Th 
ity  . 
gent 
kind- 


peo]) 

S(^lv( 


Tho  lutj/df/t'Kr  iiiid  ppasmil  in(lnlg'(Ml  iiii.  iiih  of  tlio  (»t|\iiil- 

ity  of  iimii,  1111(1  uiiiliitioii  iu;\er  cniliittciHtd  lu8  liciirt,  wliilo  tiiu 
gHntlcniiiii,  jealous  of  no  cncroaolitnciit,  wuh  the  iiKliil^ciit  iinrl 
kiii(l-li«'iirt<Ml  criiploycr  and  patron.  On  tlin  hfinks  of  tlics**  west- 
ern rivers  they  I)uilt  tlicir  sirnph',  checrfid  homes,  and  surroinid- 
C(\  thetn  with  f'niifs  and  llow«'rs.  They  were  a  li^ht-hearted,  }i;fiy 
people,  full  of  vivacity  and  ^rne(>l"ul  iiilarity;  honest  among  tlieni- 
selves,  gent^rous  and  hosi)ital)K).  Surrounded  by  (hmgor,  tliey 
were  of  undonhled  courage,  hut  when  the  pressure  of  a  present 
peril  wus  jMissed,  tlieir  hal)itnal  gJiycly  returned.  No  memory  of 
the  -,»Hst  or  fear  of  thefutine  was  p«'rmitt«'d  to  n\ar  the  happiness 
of  the  itreseiil,  hour.  Sorrow  and  sullering  were  soon  forgotten, 
and  privulionN  laughed  at,  or  cheerfully  endured.  Simple  and 
frugal  in  theii-  hahils,  contented  with  tlieir  lot,  they  renewed  in 
tho  forest  recesses  of  tlie  New  World  the  life  of  the  (JId.  They 
W(!re  fr(M'  from  umhitioii  and  its  cares,  and  without  high  aims. 
Wliile  they  enjoyed  much  piM'sonal  license,  they  had  no  concep- 
tion of  mmiicijuil /n't  fiovt,  iun\  oi  f<e/f  (/oventnient — of  liberty  reg- 
ulated by  fnitj,  originating  from  the  will  of  the  governed  them- 
selves. They  received  with  erpial  and  unquestioning  submissive- 
ness  their  law  from  the  King  and  his  subordinates,  and  their  re/i- 
ffiMi  from  their  priests.     ;>-.j<m)ij  /  en  n  'jiuiv^  lu  ".  ■■•  ;■•  mi.i  ;     -iu 

Of  iiuch,  great  nations  are  not  made;  and  one  can  but  reflect, 
what  this  mighty  North-West  would  have  been  to-day  had  it  eon. 
tinned  7' '/v,v*<'/t  and  ('<((li(>lv'.,  and  what  a  change  was  wrought  in 
its  destiny  by  llu^  victory  of  Wolfk,  upon  the  plains  of  Abraham. 

By  a  pro(;lamation  of  GKOROii  the  Thik]>,  of  October  7th, 
1763,  the  Govi'rnment  of  Quebec  was  established  for  the  Can- 
adas,  but  this  distant  region  was  not  included  within  its  boun- 
daries, and  until  the  j)assage  of  the  famous  Quebec  Act,  in 
Parliament  in  1774,  it  was  without  a  civil  government,  and  ex- 
clusively under  military  control.  Magistrates  derived  both 
their  appointment  and  their  powers  solely  from  the  military 
commandants,  and  soldiers  were  the  only  execuiive  officers  of 
the  law.  Mutual  distrust  and  dislike  existed  between  the  peo- 
ple and  the  British  ofliccrs  pla(!ed  over  them,  and  this  was 
greatly  increased  by  the  Pontiac  War,  in  which  many  of  the  in- 
habitants sympathized  with  the  savages  in  their  attack  upon 


10 


the  English  power.  The  result  was,  that  a  very  large  emigra- 
tion took  place,  especially  from  the  Illinois  settlements,  to  the 
western  side  of  the  "*  Mississippi  River,  and  to  Louisiana.      '       '•■ 

The  treaty  of  peace  and  cession  was  signed  at  Paris  in  March, 
17G3.  On  the  27th  of  September  of  the  same  year,  Neyon-de 
ViLLiKKS,  French  commandant  of  Illinois,  dispatched  couriers 
from  Fort  Chartres  with  a  written  invitation  addressed  to 
"  Mr's  les  habitans  du  Detroit,"  cordially  inviting  such  as  chose 
to  emigrate  to  St.  Genevieve,  Arkansas  or  New  Orleans,  and 
pledging  his  protection  and  assistance  to  such  as  should  go.* 

In  1704  L.vciiUDE  founded  St.  I^ouis,  and  persuaded  thither 
many  emigrants  from  Illinois,  and  some  from  Detroit.  Kaskas- 
kia,  Avhich  under  French  rule,  had  at  one  time  numbered  l,o()0 
or  2,000  inhabitants,  was  reduced  to  a  population  of  less  than 
500.  Detroit,  which  had  probably  numbered  more  than  600 
ii^habitants  in  1703,  had  but  about  300  at  the  commencement  of 
the  Revolution.  The  whole  Detroit  settlement  did  not  then  ex- 
ceed  700  or  800,  in  the  place  of  2,500,  as  estimated  by  Roci£RS 
in  1700.         >  ..  i, ..•■.,.;'/    t,,  ..Mn  .iii  inlt     •.  \.s  ,.;v  Aw  .> 

The  emigration  of  original  British  subjects  to  the  Canadas, 
after  the  conquest,  had  been  very  limited.  In  1770  there  were 
less  than  iOO  Protestant  me7i  in  the  whole  new  dominion.  In 
Detroit,  in  1778,  there  wei*e  30  Scotchmen,  15  Irishmen  and  2 
Englishmen,  mostly  traders,  and  without  families. f  No  new 
settlements  had  been  formed,  and  I  am  satisfied,  that  at  the  com- 
mencemeut  of  the  Revolution,  exclusive  of  officers  and  soldiers 
and  their  families,  the  entire  white  population  of  the  North 
West  did  not  exceed  5,000  souls, 

Cy  the  Quebec  Act  of  1771,  the  North  West  became  a  part  of 
tlie  Province  of  Quebec,  and  was  brought  noiiiiually  under  civil 
government. 

While  this  act  was  under  discussion.  Sir  Guv  Cahleton,  who 

was  then  Governor  of  Canada,  and  had  been  since  17G8,  was 

called  as  a  witness  before  the  House.     His  examination  is  full  of 

curious  interest.     He   is  asked  wluither  Detroit  and  Michigan 

were  under  the  government.     He  replies,  "  Detroit  is  not  under 

*The  orlfflnnl  letter  was  a  few  years  tince  In  tho  posgession  of  the  well  known  anti- 
quary, tho  late  James  Vioeb,  Esq.,  of  Montreal,  who  lurniehed  me  \>  ith  a  co{)y. 

t  Judge  May's  etatement  p.s  taken  down  Uy  hia  son  in-law,  Mr.  Frazbr.  Judge  Mat 
came  to  JUeiro'.t  in  1778. 


the  go^ 
upon  I 
so.     N< 
where 
confess 
Quebec 
In  c« 
not  be 
diction 
%  ing    W 
until  a  I 
ing  (,>u 
in  Pari 
was  hei 
'  was  till 
-  l)rovini 
.'  ment  a 
;|  Indian 
1  satthm 
.ft  transp( 
^  gr(!ss  c 

■   !,..■ 

Und 

M  Captai 

m  17  (. 

depon( 

less  bt 

and  w: 

onies  ' 

'-'')  entire 

in   tlu 

that  V 

vania, 

'i^tion  fi 

at  thii 

lof  Br 

*3mit 


11 


ge  emigra- 
["iits,  to  the 
iia. 

s  in  March, 
,  Neyon-i)k 
ed  couriers 
Idressed  to 
ch  as  chose 
rleaiis,  and 
-lid  go.* 
led  thither 
t.  Kaskas- 
berod  1,000 
f  less  than 
2  tlian  600 
'ncenient  of 
lot  tlien  ex- 
by  KocjERS 

le  Canadas, 
there  wore 
linion.  In 
uen  and  2 
No  new 
it  the  coin- 
id  soldi<'rs 
the  North 

■Ml  >-^m! 

e  a  part  of 
under  civil 

ETON,  wlio 

ITCH,  was 

n  is  full  of 

Michigan 

not  under 

1  known  anti- 
copy. 

Judge  Mat 


the 


nment;  Michigan  is."  He  was  asked,  "Do  you  look 
upon  Illinois  jvs  a  part  of  old  Canada?"  He  replies,  "  1  believe 
so.  Neiv  Orleans  was  under  the  government  of  Quebec,  but 
Avhere  the  precise  district  ends,  I  really  <lo  not  know;"  and  he 
confesses  that  he  has  no  idea  of  the  distance  that  Illinois  is  from 

Quebec.  '    '      -   '   •    ■  -■-  •     -:'  "    i    ' 

In  connection  with   this   specimen  of  otlicial  ignorance,  it  may 
not  be  uninteresting  to  give  a  specimen  of  description  and  pi-e- 
diction  of  a  later  period.     Detroit  and  its  dependencies,  includ- 
ing  Wisconsin,   remained    in   the  jiossession  oH  CJreat  Britain 
until  after  Jay's  Treaty  of  1T91.     In   II'.U,  when  the  act  divid- 
ing QucIh'c  into  T'jn)er  and  Lower  Canada  was  under  discussion 
in  Parliament,  a  leading  menhant  of  Quebec,  Mr.  Lyxkrukneu, 
was  heard  in  oppositiim  to  the  act.    He  contended  that  "  Niagara 
was  the  utmost  extent  westward  of    the  cif/fiiuth/e  part  of  the 
province;"  that  while  it  was  true  that   there  was  a  small  settle- 
ment at  Detroit,  and  it  Avas  of  great  importance  as  a  post  for  the 
Indian  trade,  it  could    >/<  r»r  become   ol'   great   importance  as  a 
settlt  nu  nt ;''''  that  the  falls  of  Niagara  presented  a  barrier  to  the 
transportation  of  produce,  which  "  nuist  greatly  impede  the  pro- 
gress of  settleujent  and  cultivation /W  ayes  to  come."* 


llwlill  Ijl'  a)    ■■/Ml,  liul;.        111!      il.      i\   .'.>i     Mi;!'')i' 

THE    UEVOLITIONAKY    PEKIOD. 


tc 


1 ,11  r:    i">ii!il  -;i 

Under  this  QuelxH*  act,  l^ol.  llKyiiv  Hamilton,  formerly  a 
[Captain  in  the  15th  regiment,  was  apiiointed  by  Gov.  Carletox, 
in  1775,  Lieut.-(TOvernor,  and  Suj^erintendent  of  Detroit  and  its 
dependencit's,  i»\cluding  the  entire  North-^^'est.  He  had  doubt, 
less  been  selected,  because  of  his  capacity,  energj'  and  zeal,  and 
and  with  reference  to  the  inipending  dilliciilties  between  the  Col- 
onies and  th«>  Mother  Country.  Henceforth,  and  duriny  the 
entire  lievolution,  Detroit  became  the  center  of  British  poAver 
in   the  North-West.     The  relentless  and  cruel    Indian  warfare, 

'  that  was  carried  on  against   the  border  settlements  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, Virginia  and  Kentucky,  received  its  ins])iralion  and  direc- 

'Ition  from  this  pt)int.     The  Indinn  power  of  the  North-West  was 
at  this  perioil/'c  «/>;/'»//// f/rc</^     It  Avas  mainly  under  the  control 
of  British  inllucnce  and  British  gold,  and  it  was  used  without 
"imith'ii  Canada,  1  vol,,  p. 81.      ;„^  Mt  >  <  .sw      .itJ.Vji  .-.  uijmviJiir-.  ■   r/.F  !-;:itii>  ^ 


12 

scruple  to  harrass,  cripple  and  destroy  the  strug-gling  Colonies 
and  in  its  cruel  I'erocity  it  spared  neither  sex,  infancy  or  age. 

In  17G3,  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  than  whom  there  is  no  better  au- 
thority, makes  the  following  estimate  of  the  number  of  the  In- 
dian warriors  of  the  North-West:      ...,,.   ^,j     ,,      , 

Wyaiulotts 450,  at  Detroit  mid  Sniulusky. 

rottawataniics 350,  at  Dotntit  uuil  St.  Joseph. 

Ottawas  nml  Cliipiunvas 1850,  at  Detroit  and  Maclvinuw. 

"  "  40l»0,  elsewlioic. 

Sacs,  Foxes  and  Menonionees 1 170,  west  of  Green  Bay. 

Mcnoin()iiee-«,  Klciiaiioos  and  IManliasliaus 800,  on  the  Wabasli.       ' 

Sliawnees WO,  Seiota  Valley.  ^''    '' 

Delawarcs <>00,  Mnskinjium  Valley. 

.    ,^  8'.)ltt>,  in  all. 

This  does  not  include  the  Illinois  Indians,  of  whose  numbers 
he  ffives  no  estimate. 

The  use  made  of  this  power,  supported  by  British  gold  and 
wielded  by  British  skill,  we  shall  have  occasion  to  notice.    .'^.  ^ 

Under  Governor  Hajiiltox  were  various  8u])ordinates  at  the 
different  stations.  Thus  Cai)tain  (afterwards  Major)  Akent 
SciiuYLEK  De  Peysteu — an  honored  name — a  native  of  New 
York,  Avas  in  c(mimand  at  Mackinaw  from  1774  luitil  1770,  when, 
on  Hamilton's  capture,  he  succeeded  him  at  Detroit.      i,    >  •  ,ii 

Sr.  I)e  Ro("irEnLAVE,  who  had  been  a  Lieutenant  of  Marines 
in  the  French  service  in  Illinois  as  early  as  17<>0,*  was  Governor 
of  Kaskaskia,  and  its  dependencies;  and  a  Mr.  Abuott,  an  Irish 
civilian  of  Detroit,  was  Governor  of  Vincennes.  Although  civil 
government  was  nominally  established,  justice  was  administered 
very  much  as  under  the  preceding  military  regime.  Thus  Gov- 
ernor Hamilton  acted  as  magistrate,  and  took  cognizance  of  all 
civil  cases  under  £10,  York  currency.  An  orderly-sergeant 
acted  as  constable.  No  process  was  issued,  Init  the  orderly  com- 
manded the  debtor  to  appear,  when  a  hearing  was  summarily 
had ;  and  if  the  case  was  found  against  the  debtor,  he  was  or- 
dered to  pay  the  claim;  and  if  he  could,  yet  refused,  ho  was 
sent  to  the  guard-house  until  he  did.         '  '  '*   .   v>t7.;u:> .)  ;U  Imm! 

Judge  May  gives  a  curious  instance  of  this  summary  justice: 
*  Original  order  in  poesession  of  the  late  James  Viubr,  Ben.,  who  furuiehod  mo  a  copy' 


"  Onel 
^Hamii 
thad  a| 
5;  devi  dl 


atwo  w 

firm; 

fcthoug 

^Ihem.' 

,  p;er  hei 


-f 


•gling  Colonies 
noy  or  age. 
is  no  better  au- 
inber  of  the  lu- 

oit  and  Sandusky, 
oit  Huil  St.  Joseph, 
oit  and  Mackinaw. 
Bi-e. 

'  Grocn  Bay. 
Wiihash. 
ralley.       •''.i" 
gum  Valley. 
'  'I  y>  n.'MJt/ 
i'''i  n  en. 
^liose  numbers 

tish  gold  and 
notice. 

dinates  at  the 
ajor)  AnjiNT 
itive  of  New 
il  1779,  when, 
it. 

It  of  Marines 
vas  Governor 
OTT,  an  Irish 
Ithough  civil 
administered 
Tlius  Gov- 
lizanee  of  all 
crly-sergeant 
orderly  coni- 
s  summarily 
r,  he  was  or- 
sed,  he  was 

lary  justice: 
«hed  mo  a  copy' 


13 


"  One  GuAuciiiN  owed  me  a  debt.  T  complained  to  Governor 
i  IIamtlto  ^ .  who  sent  for  him.  He  came,  and  being  asked  if  he 
^  had  anything  to  say  against  the  del)t,  he  said  no.  He  then  or- 
Bderid  him  to  give  me  an  old  negro  wench  in  payment,  and  she 
'served  me  twenty -five  years."* 

Criminal  justice  was  administered  by  a  .Justice  of  the  Govern- 
or's appointment,  and  a  jui-y,  which  was  provided  for  in  criminal 
/cases  by  the  Quebec  act;  and  the  sentence  of  death  was  more 
I  than  once  inflicted  for  theft  and  other  like  olfenses. 

A  contemporary  record  shows  what  was  in  fact  three  trials 
y,  before  a  jury  at  one  time,  and  disposed  of  by  one  verdict.     A 
'Frenchman  was   found  guilty  of  stealing  some  furs  of  Messrs. 
AnnoTT  &  Finciiley;  and  Axx  Wyley,  a  former  slave,  of  steal- 
ing a  purse  containing  six  guineas,  from  the  same  firm;  and  the 
atwo  were  tried  for  attempting  to  set  fire  to  the  house  of  the  same 
•if firm;  but  the  jury  found  the  proof  on   this  point  not  sufficient, 
wthough  as  they  said,  "  the  circumstances  were  very  much  against 
'^ihem."     PniLii'  Dejeax,  the  .lusticc,  of  whom  we  shall   hereaf- 
,  ;«ter  hear  more,  sentenced  them  to  be  hanged  upon  the  King's  do- 
§*nain  (u*  public  comnion,  and  they  were  hanged  accordingly,  f 
■^    No  sooner  had  tlie  war  commenced,  than  eflbrts  were  made  to 
•fjfenlist  both  the  .v^hites  and  the  Indians  of  the  North-West,  against 
iiihc  Colonies. 

•jp    In  the  fall  of  177r.,  Dr.  John  Conolly,  of  Piitsburgh,  after 

jMVisiting  Gen.  Gage  at  Boston,  wasaj)pointedby  Gov.  Duxmoke, 

^pf  Virginia,  to  proceed  to  Detroit  and  enlist  a  i-egiment  of  Ca- 

||nadians  there  and  elsewhere,  which  was  to  rendezvous  there,  and 

fifj^hich  he  was  to  connnand,  and  also  a  force  of  Indians ;  and  to 

-Weturn  to  Virginia  with  the  force  thus  raised,  and  join  Gov.  DuN- 

IJfMOUE.     He  and  two  traveling  companions  were  arrested  in  Mary- 

IPUmd,  while  on  their  way,  and  his  papers,  carefully  concealed  in 

^is  saddle,  revealed  the  plot.  //  ?,"..«  i  ;;^,> 

ip    The  importance  of  Detroit  to  the  British  interest,  and  the  de- 

i^irableness   of  capturing  this  center  and  stronghold  of  British 

i^ower  in  the  North-West,  became  apparent  to  Gen,  Washington 

Sand  to  C'ongress,  at  an  early  day  in  the  fearful  struggle,  and  it 

•  ^  *Jnd(ro  May's  Etatcment. 

tI>K,TEAN  was  Secretary  of  thaGoTornor,  and  was  understood  to  be  his  wilUne  in- 
rumcnt.    This  act  brought  down  npon  birn  the  censure  of  the  Govornmeut  otHcialB  at 
Jftuebec. 


14 


was  never  for  a  moment  lost  sight  of,  although  effective  efforts 
for  the  accomplishment  of  this  purpose  were  deferred  from  time 
to  time  from  sheer  necessity — the  utter  want  of  men  and  means. 
As  early  as  Ai)ril,  1770,  the  committee  on  Indian  Affairs  were  in- 
structed to  enquire  as  to  the  possibility  of  taking  Detroit. 

Early  in  this  year,  Capt.  DePeystek,  commanding  at  Macki- 
naw, by  his  persuasions,  enlisted  in  the  British  scr"ice  Capt. 
Charles  De  Langlade,  of  Green  Bay,  a  gentleman  of  exten- 
sive influence  among  the  Indians,  and  who  had  distinguished 
himself  as  a  French  officer  in  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  which 
resulted  in  the  conquest  of  Canada.  He  soon  raised  a  large  force 
of  Indians  from  the  several  nations  of  the  North-West,  and  to- 
gether with  some  Canadian  volunteers,  proceeded  with  them  to 
the  neighborhood  of  Montreal,  there  to  render  aid  to  the  King's 
forces  in  attacking  the  rebels,  and  defending  Lower  Canada 
against  them.  These  forces  rendezvoused  at  Mackinaw,  and  the 
orders  for  their  marching  thence  were  issued  on  the  day  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  .luly  4, 1770.  Capt.  De  Langlade 
is  charged  with  the  duty  on  the  way  of  "  annoying  the  rebels 
wherever  you  meet  with  them."*  This  force  received  a  most 
cordial  reception  at  Montreal,  where  on  its  arrival  a  grand  coun- 
cil was  held,  at  which  an  ox  was  roasted  whole,  and  served  up  to 
the  Indians ;  and  subsequently  they  rendered  valuable  service  in 
the  cause  of  the  crown.  *   f"i»i  .  'h-ju/--  s'.y'<l-nJ  m)  n-y". 

The  audacity  of  the  American  rebellion  against  the  mighty 
power  of  Great  Britain  stung  to  the  quick  the  sensitive  and 
haughty  pride  of  her  ruling  statesmen,  and  aroused  to  bitterness 
and  unrelenting  hate  the  narrow,  obstinate  mind  of  the  King; 
and  the  subsequent  Declaration  of  Independence  produced  a  de- 
gree of  exasperation,  which  it  is  difficult  for  us  to  fully  appreci- 
ate. Under  the  influence  of  these  feelings,  the  British  King 
and  Ministry  resolved  (in  the  language  of  Secretary  Geumaine) 
"  that  every  means  should  be  employed  that  Providence  had  put 
in  his  Majesty's  hands  for  crushing  the  rebellion."  Every  possi- 
ble effort  was  to  be  employed,  and  was  em])loyed,  not  only  to 
enlist  the  Indians  in  legitimate  warfare  against  the  Colonies,  but 
to  turn  loose  upon  peaceable  settlements,  upon  unarmed  men  and 

♦  Copies  of  ordere  of  Capt.  Dk  Petbteb  In  tbe  collections  of  the  Michigan  Historical 
Society,  p.  17. 


helpless 

ble  hell 

4,  policy  m 

J  Gen.  He 

#  Gov.  H^ 

year,  17 

the  sava 

l)ranche 

!  towards 

;  pudence 

war." 

In  th 
great  er 
list  in  t' 
men  as 
their  w( 
^  traders, 
charact( 
'  partuiei 
'  *,  became 
sa  terror 
|Kentuc 
|i  der  am 
been  ar 
and  Ja: 
and  tht 
young, 
parents 
the  vie 
the  sa 
an  Ind 
eeduce 
en,  bk 
qucsti< 
compe 

liiig ;  ^ 
The 

*LlBt  I 


15 


ve  efforts 
from  time 
rid  means, 
rs  were  in- 
oit.      ">•'■ 
at  Macki- 
ice  Capt. 
of  Gxten- 
inguished 
lin,  which 
arge  force 
5t,  and  to- 
1  them  to 
he  King's 
r   Canada 
v,  and  the 
lay  of  the 

-(ANGLADE 

the  rebels 
cd  a  most 
and  ooun- 
ved  up  to 
service  in 

le  mighty 
sitive  and 
bitterness 
he  King; 
iced  a  de- 
■  appreci- 
sh   King 
:umaine) 
;  had  put 
Ty  possi- 
t  only  to 
nies,  but 
men  and 
1  Historical 


I  helpless  women  and  children,  what  Chatham  called  "  the  horri- 
ble hell-hounds   of  savage  war."     This  ruthless  and  dastardly 
policy  met  with  a  cold  support  from  Sir   Guy  Caki.eton  and 
Gen.  Howe;  but  it  found  a  ready,  active,  zealous  supporter  in 
Gov.  Hamilton,  of  Detroit,  who,  as  early  as  September  of  this 
year,  1776,  promised  the  ministry  that  he  would  send  parties  of 
the  savages  "  to  fall  on  the  scattered  settlers  on  the  Ohio  and  its 
branches;"  and   to  encourage  the  enforcement    of  this    policy 
towards  the  rebels,  adds :  "  their  arrogance,  disloyalty  and  im- 
pudence had  justly  drawn  upon  them  this  deplorable  sort  of 
war."         !  ,i;  jyjjifij]  ij.;o;';  viJ       JiiMJOi;;;  !..>  .tc^j>j[.Mw:;  •■  imi  r.o:  '>,..- 
^Jfe     In  the  execution  of  this  policy,  Gov.    Hamilton  exhibited 
great  energy,  and  an  embittered  zeal.     His  first  effort  was  to  en- 
list in  the    British  interest,  by  the  power  of  IJritish  gold,  such 
^  men  as  could  best  influence  the  Indians,  and  lead  them  on  in 
^  their  worl   of  destruction.     For  this  purpose  a  large  number  of 
.  traders,  and  others,  familiar  with  the  Indian  language  and  Indian 
.    character,  were  regularly  employed  and  paid  by  the  Indian  De- 
partment of  Detroit,  and  amongst  these  were  five  men,  who 
became  infamously  conspicu<ius,  and  whose  very  names  became 
I  a  terror  to  the  border  settlements  of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  and 
Kentucky, — these  were  Matthew  Elliott,  for  many  years  a  tra- 
der among  the  Ohio   Indians;  Alexander  McKee,   who  had 
been  an  Indian  Agent;  and  the   three  l)rothers,  Simon,  Geokge 
and  Jajies  Gikty.     The  father  of  the  Giktys  was  a  drunkard, 
land  their  mother  a  bawd.     They  had  been  taken  prisoners  while 
"young,  and  adopted  by  the  Indians,  and  they  honored  alike  their 
parentage    and     their     education,   and    united    in    themselves 
the  vices  of   civilization  and    the  cruel  perfidy  and  ferocity  of 
the  savage.     SiaioN,  the  most   capable  of  the  three,  had  been 
an  Indian  interpreter  for  the  Americans,  but,  like  the  others,  was 
seduced  to  British  interests  by  British  gold.     He  was  a  drunk- 
en, blustering  ruffian,  but  of  great  force  of  character  and  un- 
questionable courage.     Each  of  these  men  received  a  regular 
compensation  from  Detroit-     McKee  received  10  shillings  ster- 
ling; the  others  IG  York  shillings  per  day.*        •-:   i  'I  '■!<  .^w... 
Then  too,  the  Indians  themselves  were  subsidized  by  rich  and 
*LiBt  and  puy  roll  of  Incliau  agents,  «c  ,  In  possession  of  Michigan  Historical  Society. 


16 


valuable  presents,  not  only  of  blankets,  other  clothing  and  pro- 
visions, but  of  those  articles  so  attractive  to  the  savage; — ver- 
milion to  give  the  proper  war  color,  and  articles  of  personal  adorn- 
ment, such  as  brooches,  ear-rings,  bracelets,  &c.,  &c.  By  these 
and  other  means  most  of  the  North-Western  Indians  were  early 
secured  to  British  interests.  Through  the  influence  of  the  Mo- 
ravian missionaries  on  the  Muskingum,  most  of  the  Delawares 
remained  neutral. 

The  results  of  their  efforts  were  not  seriously  felt  upon  the 
border  settlements  until  3777.  In  the  latter  part  of  winter,  or 
early  in  the  spring  of  that  year.  Gov.  Hamiltox  sent  a  war 
hatchet,  wrapped  in  a  belt  of  red  and  white  beads,  to  the  Ohio 
Indians.  It  was  accepted  by  the  Wyandotts  and  Shawnees,  but 
rejected  by  the  Delawares.  Its  effect  was  at  once  apparent.  On 
the  Gth  of  March  a  large  party  of  Indians  appeared  before  Har" 
rodsburgh,  in  Kentucky.  On  the  24th  of  April  Boonsborough 
was  attacked,  and  again  on  the  23d  of  May;  and  on.  the  30th  of 
May,  Logan's  Fort.*  None  of  these  attacks  were  successful, 
but  several  persons  were  killed,  others  wounded,  and  cattle  and 
other  property  destroyed.  _.       .,.,,,.,,.., 

These  stations  or  settlements  on  the  border  were  all  very  much 
after  the  same  pattern.  A  company  of  settlers  selected  farms 
adjacent  to  each  other.  At  some  convenient  point  they  for  the 
most  part  congregated  their  houses  as  in  a  village,  and  surround- 
ed them  with  pickets,  usually  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  high ; 
the  log  houses  of  the  settlers  frequently  formed  a  part  of  the 
outer  wall  of  the  enclosure,  with  pickets  extending  from  house 
to  house,  where  gaps  occurred.  Through  these  pickets  were 
gate-openings,  and  the  houses  were  pierced  with  holes  to  enable 
those  within  to  fire  upon  a  surrounding  foe.  For  a  space  outside 
the  forest  was  completely  cleared  away,  so  that  an  enemy  could 
neither  find  a  lurking  place  for  an  attack,  nor  conceal  his  ap- 
proach. During  the  day  the  settlers  cultivated  their  lands 
around,  and  in  times   of  peril,   often  with   arms   by  their  side. 

•These  dates  are  different  from  those  given  in  the  printed  acconnts  extant,  but  they 
have  been  veriflefl  by  an  original  diary  ol  Gen.  Qeoroe  Rogebs  Clark,  in  the  posses- 
sion of  L.  C.  DuAPEB.  Ksq..  Secretary  of  tha  Wlsccusln  Historical  Society.  Ho  nas  sev- 
eral volumes  of  original  mannscripts,  that  belonged  to  Clark,  and  among  them  many 
papers  obtained  upon  the  capture  of  Gov.  Hamilton.    Mr.  Dkapkr  is  preparing  a  mem- 

d.    ' 


oir  of  CLABK,  for  which  he  has  the  moat  ample  material,  never  before  use< 
tiou  is  looked  for  with  great  interest. 


iU* 


Its  publtca* 

Mr,;  ^•. 


g  and  pro- 
age  ; — ver- 
onal adorn- 
By  these 
were  early 
3f  the  Mo- 
Delawares 


upon  the 
winter,  or 
cnt   a  war 

0  the  Ohio 
wnees,  but 
iront.  On 
efore  Har' 
nsborough 
the  30th  of 
successful, 

cattle  and 

..  ,1  ,,i  ■  ..■  '< 
very  much 

cted  farms 

bey  for  the 

1  surround- 
feet  high; 

lart  of  the 

rom  house 

3kets  were 

s  to  enable 

ice  outside 

lemy  could 

eal  his  ap- 

heir   lands 

their  side. 

ctant,  but  they 
In  the  posses- 
.  Uo  nas  86 V- 
ng  them  tntny 
paring  a  mem- 
..    Its  pabllea- 


i 


17 


Tliese  dofcncca,  rude  as  they  were,  provfd  a  <xvvnt  protection 
against  Indians  and  their  still  rndcr  weapons. 

The  failun.'!  of  those  expeditions  against  the  Kentucky  scltlc;- 
ments  gave  little  security  to  the  bordi'r.  IJands  of  manuuling 
Indians  were  constantly  engaged  in  their  works  of  plunder  and 
olood. 

On  the  2('t1i  of  July,  IlA^iir/rox  reports  to  Sc'cretary  Gkr- 
MAiN'E  that  he  had  already  sent  out  fifteen  several  parties  of  In- 
dians, consisting  of  2S9  braves,  with  thirty  vhite  officers  and 
rangers,  to  prowl  on  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 

But  th(^  great  eflbrt  of  this  A-ear  was  the  attack  upon  Fort 
Henry,  at  Wheeling,  on  the  1st  of  September,  by  a  force  of 
about  four  hundred  Indians,  fully  armed  by  Governor  Hamilton. 
The  events  of  this  siege — the  gallant  defence — the  brave  con- 
duct of  EiJ/Ai!i:rii  Zank  in  securing  powder  for  the  garrison,  in 
the  face  of  the  Indian  fo(! — the  narrow  escape  of  Major  MeCuL- 
LO(JTT — the  severe  loss — the  opportune  reinforcement — an^  all  re- 
corded in  general  history,  and  make  this  one  of  the  most  thrill- 
ing incidents  of  the  border;  but  it  does  not  belong  to  my  pur- 
pose to  describe  such  incidents  in  detail. 

In  February  of  1778,  the  famous  Kentucky  partisan,  Daxiei, 
Boone,  was,  with  twenty-seven  men,  taken  prisoner  while 
making  salt  at  the  Blue  Licks.  In  March,  Boone  was  broughj^ 
to  Detroit,  where  he  received  much  attention  from  English  gen- 
tlemen, and  Governor  Hamilton  offered  to  ransom  him  of  the 
'  Indians  at  £100,  but  they  were  greatly  attached  to  him  and  re- 
fused the  offer.  They  took  him  back  to  Chillicothe,  and  here,  in 
June  following,  (m  learning  of  a  proposed  attack  vipon  Boones- 
borough,  he  escaped,  traveling  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  in 
four  d!\vs,  with  but  one  meal.  His  wife,  supposing  him  dead, 
had,  with  tlunr  children,  gone  back  to  North  Carolina.  Boones- 
borough  was  immediatc^ly  preparcnl  for  defence,  but  the  escape, 
.  the  warning  and  the  preparation,  delayed  the  attack  until  Sep- 
tember 7th,  when  the  whole  Indian  force  of  over  four  hundred, 
>with  eleven  Canadians,  led  by  Captain  Cuene,  of  Detroit,  ap- 
.■pearcd  and  surrounded  the  little  post.  After  some  delay,  negoti- 
ati(m,  and  an  attempt  at  treachery,  an  attack  was  commenced, 
which  lasted  ahuut  ten  days,  when  the  Indians,  having  lost  tliirty- 
B. 


18 


I, 


sovcn  ol'  IlK'ir  nunibrr,  retired.     Onlj'  two  of  the  jj^arrison  were 
killed.* 

\n  llie  early  spring  of  this  year  (1778),  the  Mornvinii  mission 
upon  tlic  Muskiii;iuin  was  thrown  into  gvont  eonsternalion  by  a 
hotter  hearing-  an  ollioial  seal,  ])urporting  to  he  from  (Jov.  Ham- 
ilton, ('onnnan(lin<;  them  to  put  themselves  at  the  head  of  their 
Indians  and  mareh  aj^ainst  the  "  rebels,"  whom  they. were  to  at- 
tack on  their  farms  and  in  their  settlements,  slaying-  tlunn  M'ith- 
oiit  mercy,  and  bring-inn-  their  scalj)S  to  Detroit.  They  did  not 
at  the  tim(>  suspect  a  for«rory,  but  it  was  probal)ly  the  M'ork  of 
some  miscreant  in  the  Uritish  service,  plotting-  mischief,  for  it  is 
diflRcult  to  believe  that  such  a  paper  could  have  issued  from  a 
Uritish  oiricer. 

This  lelter  was  followed  up  by  a  visit  from  P'r.Liorr,  ]M('K7<:e, 
and  some  deserters  from  Pittsburo^li,  who,  by  persuasions  and 
falsehoods,  soug-ht  to  induce  Ihe  D(dawar(!S  to  take  up  tlie  hatch- 
et; but  the  effort  failed,  through  the  Avise  intrepidity  of  th(! 
missionar}-  Hp:(KKWKm>ki{. 

In  the  mean  time  great  preparations  were  being  made  by  Con- 
gress for  an  ex]>edition  into  the  Indian  coimtry,  and  perhaps 
against  l)«»troit  itself,  w^ith  a  force  of  5i,000  men;  but  the  men 
and  numitions  were  botli  wanting.  Gen.  McIxTOSii  came  to 
Pittsburgh  in  the  Spring  M'ith  500  troops.  Soon  after  he  built 
Fort  Mcintosh  near  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Beaver,  where  in  Oc- 
tober he  assembled  1 ,000  men,  and  marched  to  the  Tuscarawas 
river,  and  erected  Fort  I.aurens,  and  garrisoning  it  with  150 
meti,  in  connnand  of  Col.  Gibson,  returned  to  Fort  Pitt;  thus 
leaving  this  garrison  in  the  Indian  country  beyond  the  reach  of 
succor — too  weak  for  aggressive  or  even  deicnsive  warfare. 

lint  the  most  notable  event  of  this  year  in  the  West,  and  one 

of  the  most  notable  events  of  the  war,  was  the  conquest  of  Kas- 

kaskia  and  the  other  British  j)osts  in  Illinois  and  on  the  Wabash 

by  Gkoimjk  Bogkuk  Ci-ark.     The  circimi stances  attending  this 

conrpiest   are  full  of   stirring  and  romantic  interest,   while  the 

consc(|U('iiccs  flowing  from  it  were  most  momentous.   The  events 

of  tlu!  cam])aign  are  so  fully  narrated  in  every  local  and  gcnicral 

*TI(!io  (1  ftin  the  date^  in  nrlnted  accounts  are  corrected  by  original  manusicrlptB  in 
Mr  l)nAF'Ki:"s  p()!<nest»iou.  'Die  nnnie  of  ("apt.  Du  Qdesne  is  also  given  an  the  com- 
mandiir  of  thin  cxpcflltion.  On  Mr.  Drape  's  anthorlty,  I  give  the  proper  ortho;;rnphv 
ol  ih  ii'iin  i)(  t'da  Britifili-lndlan  leader  t\s  Chenk.  Hq  also  accompanied  dipt.  Ijibd's 
expeditio) . 


19 


I  son   wore 

II  DiiHsion 
alioii  by  a 
!()v.  Ham- 
(l  of  thoir 
v<'r(^  to  at- 
KMti  with- 
•y  «lifl  not 
•  Avork  oi" 
L^f,  I'or  it  is 

jod  from  a 

ui,*  -.• 

,  ]M«  Kke, 

nsions  and 

the  liatch- 

ity   of  the 

(!(■:  hv  Con- 

nd  perhaps 

lUt  the  nuni 

II  cain(^  to 

tor  lie  huilt 

here  in  Oe- 

Fusearawas 

it  Avitli  160 

Pitt;  thus 

he  reaoli  of 

rfare. 

st,  and  one 

est  of  Kas- 

he  Wabash 

endinp'  this 

,   wliilo  the 

The  events 

and  g(mcral 

manu^crfptB  in 
m  as  th(!  corn- 
ier orttio;,'raphy 
ed  C'lpt.  Uibd'8 


history,  thai  it  ■\vo\ild  be  inexcusable  in  nio,  to  do  more  than 
state  results,  and  that  in  the  int)st  jfcneral  way.  .    i 

Major  Clakk,  an  emigrant  to  Kentucky,  allhough  a  man  of 
limited  culture,  had  the  grasp  of  mind,  and  the  en(!rgy  of  char- 
acter, Avhich  litted  him  for  great  events.  Kentucky  luul  Builer«Ml 
greatly  from  the  Indians  during  the  year  17TT.  Clakk  made  up 
his  mind  that  the  best  mode  of  defending  Kentucky  was  to  give 
emj)loyment  to  tlu!  enemy  elsewhere.  He  sent  spi(.'s  to  visit  the 
posts  ujjon  th(^  Wabash  and  in  Illinois.  In  December,  1777,  he 
laid  oi)en  his  plan  of  capturing  these  posts  to  Patkick  IlKNuy, 
then  Governor  of  Virginia,  who  at  once  fell  in  Avilh  it,  esjjecial- 
ly  as  Virginia  laid  claim  to  this  western  territory  as  far  i  rth 
as  the  40th  degref;  of  north  latitude.  Clauk  was  conunissioned 
a  Colonel  in  the  service  of  Virginia,  and  was  authorized  at  the 
expense  of  that  State  to  raise  a  sulTicient  force,  was  furnished 
with  £'1,200  currency,  and  by  secret  instructions  was  directed  to 
carry  out  the  plan  conceived  by  him. 

On  the  24th  of  .Iun(.«,  1778,  he  left  the  P'alls  of  the  Ohio 
(Louisville)  in  barges,  with  his  force  of  less  than  200  men,  and 
descended  the  Ohio  to  Old  Fort  Massac,  within  sixty  miles  of 
its  mouth,  and  then  marched  north  to  Kaskaskia,  which  he  cap- 
tured by  surprise  on  the  night  of  July  4th,  taking  its  com- 
mandant, Ko(  HKBLAVE  and  its  inhabitants  prisoners.  The  other 
posts  were  taken  lusfore  any  o])position  could  be  made.  With 
great  skill,  and  by  a  wise  mingling  of  kindness  and  severity,  ho 
gaine<l  the  good  will  of  the  French,  and  connnanded  the  respect 
of  the  surroumling  Indians.  The  then  recent  treaty  between 
the  Colonies  and  France  aided  greatly  in  his  success  with  the 

French.         /;   OV  I^.i  >  ••;■  liMTn    i  <:  y  i-..-,  (■:■••■•_: f   ,■:•:•,,■,     ,.1         ....,,      . 

Gov.  Adhott,  of  Vincennes,  was  at  that  time  absent  in  De- 
troit, and  there  were  no  troops  stationed  there.  Father  Gi- 
BAULT,  of  Kaskaskia,  Vicar  General,  etc.,  undertook  to  get  the 
French  at  that  point  to  side  with  the  Americans,  and  immedi- 
ately started  upon  his  mission,  which  was  entirely  successful, 
and  the  American  flag  waved  over  the  place. 

Waw-ca-ta-non  was  captured  by  a  small  force,  and  thus  with- 
out the  loss  of  a  man,  the  conquest  of  Illinois  and  the  Wabash 
i  settlements  was  complete ;  and,  in  October,  Virgina  organized  this 


20 


torrilory  inlo  the  county  of  Illinois,  and  tlif  noxt  yoar  Col.  John 
Todd  was,  at  Clauk's  reiiuost,  sent  out  as  civil  Govoruor. 

The  news  of  this  disaster  to  IJritisli  interests  aroused  Gov. 
Hamiltox  to  the  most  vigorous  etVorts  to  rt.'trieve  it.     It  was 
obvious  that  this  eon((uest  had  paiuc-strieken  the  Indians,  and 
threatened  the  whole  llritish  power  in  the  North  West.     In  the 
sjuing  of  1777,  Col.  Mokoax,   at   Pittsburgh,   wrote   to  Gov. 
IIkmiv,  that  there  Avere  only  (it!  sohliers  at  Dtstroit  ;  but  there 
were  at   this   tijne   aboul   oOO  troops  there.     There  were  four 
companies  of  the   Eighth  or  King's   llegiinent,   coniniandiMl   by 
Muj.  Lkijnoult  ;    two  eonii)anies  of  Hitlkk's  Hangers,   com- 
manded b)'  Ca})t.  Cai.dwki-l,  and  one;  of  the  Fourth  Uegiment, 
commanded  by  Capt.  Aum:Y.*     The  IJritish  also   had  a  small 
navy  that  connnanded  the  Lakes.     There  wen*  usually  several 
hundred  Indians  gathered  about  the  Fort  at  Detroit  ;  but  never 
more  than  twenty-llvi;  Avere  permitted  within  the  gates  at  one 
time,  and  these  were  unarmed.     At  the  very  time  wlien  Hamil- 
ton received   the  news  of  Clauk's  success,  thert^  was  u  large 
gathering  of  Indians  there  with  whom  he  was  holding  negotia- 
tions,    lie  gave  them  the  hatehe'^  anew,   and  urg(!d   them   to 
more  general  ajid  vit)lent  assaults  upon  the  frontier,  and  to  hold 
fhemselves  in  readiness   to  join   him   in  proj)osed  movements 
against  the  Americans.     He  sent  by  some  Delawanss  i)resent,  a 
menacing  letter  to  the  Council  of  the  Deluwares,  calling  upon 
them  "  for  the  last  time"  to  take  up  thci  hatchet,  and  was  greatly 
infuriated  at  their  firm  refusal,  and  at  once  ordered  an  expedition 
against  thom,  consisting  of  Indians  and  a  few  soldiers,  connnanded 
by  two  Captains,  with  orders  to  return  with  the  scalps  of  both 
chiefs  and  missionaries,  but  the  sudden  death  of  the  two  oiKcers 
frustrated  the  expectation.         ,•  ■!•'?.  ^ 

Hamilton  immediately  planned  an  exhibition  for  the  recovery 
of  the  Illinois,  to  be  connnanded  by  himself.  It  was  composed 
of  thirty  regulars,  fifty  volunteers,  and  four  or  five  hundred  In- 
dians. The  volunteers  were  subsequently  paid  for  their  services 
from  the  17th  of  Scptember,but  the  expedition  did  not  leave  Detroit 
until  the  7th  of  October.     It  is  evident  that  his  first  puri)ose  was 

•Judge  Mat's  statement.  C  I  W 

It  mny  lie  added,  that  the  Cnpt.  Acbet  nllnded  to,  was  probably  Cant  'tuomah 

Aubrey,  of  S  r  Gut  Carleton'p,  or  the  Forty-Seventh  Erltlsh  Itogiment,  Borvlng  in 

Amerlcs  at  this  period.    The  Army  List  of  1780  gives  no  other  officer  of  that  or  any 

:  Similar  name  then  in  the  British  service.  "   -•  -^  ' 


i.t 


tCj)  '  .U   .>' J 


L.  C.  D. 


21 


to  proncod  at  onoo  to  Kasknsklii,  whore  (^lahk's  foroo  was  flta- 
tioiu'd,  for  ho  urjj^os  Miij.  Di-:  Pkysiku  to  sond  him  ussistanoo. 
1)k  PiCYstTint  had  also  nu'civMMl  .special  onh'r.s  from  (}(mi.  IIamh- 
MANf),  cotnmaiidiiijj^  at  (^ue])ec,  to  do  all  in  his  power  to  assist 
Haahi/pov  in  his  enterprise. 

In  pomplianee  with  tiieso  orders  Dk  PKYrtTKif,  cm  the  3(!th  of 
October,  di,si)at(hed  Capt.  Dk  TiANOLADK,  and  Tiiout.  Gautius* 
to  arouse  the  Indians  around  Tiake  Miclii^an,  asseml)le  them  at 
St.  Jot^eph,  and  to  join  IlAMFi/rox  with  all  tlie  foree  they  could 
raise,  or  to  descend  the  Illinois,  if  that  was  hotter  calculated  to 
promote  the  success  of  Hamii-ton's  operations.  These  ollicera 
are  exhorted  to  uso  economy,  "  as  the  nations  in  •^•eneral  have 
already  had  many  presents  from  his  Majesty,"  and  to  exhort  the 
warriors  "  to  us(!  humanity  towards  tin;  prisoners,"  who  "will 
be  ransomed."! 

IlA>iii/ro.v  was  greatly  delayed  by  storms  and  bad  weather, 
and  did  not  reach  Vincennes  imlil  the  17th  of  December.  This 
point,  as  we  have  seen,  had  yielded  to  the  Americans  without 
other  force  than  the  moral  suasion  of  Father  GntAir/r,  and  it 
was  now  held  by  Capt.  IIki..m  and  one  American.  As  TIklm  saw 
this  terrific  force  j>'athered  al)out  tlic  fort,  he  i)lac(!d  a  loaded  can- 
non in  the  gat«^way  and  stood  by  it  with  alighted  match;  and  as 
the  enemy  ap[)roached,  called  out  with  a  loud  voice,  "  ILiH!'*'' 
HAMii/ro\  demanded  a  surrender.  IIici-.v  re])lied,  "  No  man 
shall  enter  here  until  I  know  the  ternis."  The  "  honors  of  war" 
were  granted,  and  Capt.  Helm  with  his  garrison  of  one  received 
the  customary  honors. 

Hamilton  at  once  dismissed  his  Indian  allies  to  prowl  upon 
the  frontiers  or  return  to  their  homers,  with  the  jiurpose  in  the 
early  sjjring  of  re-assembling  them,  with  a  largely  increased 
force  both  from  the  north  and  the  south,  and  tlu'n,  after  re- 
establishing the  IJritish  powi^r  in  Illinois,  of  marching  to  Fort 
Pitt,  sweeping  Kentucky  and  "Western  Virginia  on  the  way,  and 
thus  completing  the  conquest  of  the  frontier.  Nor  did  tliis  i)lan 
seem  visionary  to  the  coolest  judgment,  and  nothing  but  the 
genius  and  intrepidity  of  Clakk  frustrated  it.     On  the  29th  of 

•  ThU  probably  has  reference  to  Oautibr  Dk  Vkrvillk,  a  nephew  of  De  Lanoladk, 
who  eervo(f  with  htm  tluring  the  French  and  Indiaa  war,  and  also  during  the  Rovolutlon, 
and  died  at  Prairie  du  Chion,  about  1803,  at  about  the  age  of  sixty-flvo.  See  Gbionon's 
Becol(ecnon$,  Vol.  3d,  Wis.  Uis.  CoU's.  ^     ,  „  L,  C.  D. 

t  Manuscript  orders— Michigan  Hietorlcal  Society. 


of  .Taiuiivry,  1770,  he  rocoivcd  tlio  nowH  of  ITamii.ton's  occMijm- 
tion  of  Viiieenm's,  and  (ho  coiulition  of  his  forcos.  His 'h'ter- 
miiuition  wan  at  otict*  lakon.  In  spcakiuj,'  of  Hamii.tov  \w,  says, 
"  I  know  if  1  <li(l  not  take  liim,  he  wouhl  take  nio."   ""  '  '  '"'  '-5'" 

On  Iho  7lh  of  February,  witij  a  foivc  of  170  nu'n,  partly  com- 
posed of  Ficnch  vohniteor«,  ho  started  for  Vincennes.  Forty- 
six  of  these  went  hy  water  in  a  keid-hoat  with  some  small  k"""? 
nmmunition,  stores,  etc.,  and  11)0  marclied  with  Clauk  across 
the  country.  On  the  Ji-'Jd,  Clauk  washcforc  Vincennes,  and  on 
the  ^oth  IlAArir/rov  surrendered  himself  and  his  force  as  prisoners 
of  war.  This  wonderful  march  of  240  miles  through  a  flat 
country,  over  a  soft  soil,  deluged  hy  constant  rains — the  men 
wading  for  days  through  low  wet  prairies,  exhaijsted  and  be- 
numbed l)y  fatigue,  fasting  and  cold;  th(;  intrepid  bearing  of 
the  noble  leader  in  his  utterly  di'sperate  and  exhausted  con- 
dition; the  gidlant  attack  ujK»n  the  fort;  the  unique  correspon- 
dence between  flie  iomparutively  illiterate  back-woodsman  and 
proud  liritisli  ofTlcer,*  and  the  final  capture  of  the  pf)st  and  tho 
defending  force,  with  all  the  stirring  and  rojuautic  delils,  are 
known  to  every  reader  of  history,  aii<l  urvi]  not  >  c  recounted.    '" 

On  the  ninlli  of  lA^liruary  previous,  a  company  of  about  forty 
men  under  llie  cliarge  of  Mr.  Adiik.maij,  a  connnissarv,  l«'ft  De- 
troit with  a  ];ir:j''  amount  of  su])plies  for  (Jov.  ITamii-Tov.  Hy 
the  urgent  rei|iie.st  of  .Fustice  DKriiAN,  Ik^  was  jx'rmitfed  to  ac- 
company the  expedition,  in  order  to  oi)tain  from  Gov.  Hamilton 
his  warrant  or  authority  to  justify  his  own  conduct  as  magis- 
trate, and  especially  as  to  the  executions  already  noticed. 

On  the  fifth  of  March  the  entire  expedition  was  captured  while 
dcscen  Mig  the  Wabash  with  seven  boats,  and  all  the  letters  to 
Gov.  ifAMiLTOX.  Dejean  Is  Called  by  the  captors,  "Grand 
Judge  of  Detroit."    "    '-'    f-ii'nuM    .k   i,',!utii-,rr/;    v./i.iii.  ^H 

On  the  seventh  of  March  Ciakk  dispached  Capt.  Wiltjams  and 
Lieut.  Rogers  with  twenty-five  privates,  to  conduct  Gov.  Ham- 
ilton, "  Grand  Judge  Dejean,"  Major  Hay,  Capt.  T.a  Mothb 
and  Lieut.  Sciieiffleix,  and  twenty  others,  as  i)risoners  of  war, 
to  Virginia.  The  rest  of  the  captured  force,  being  principally 
Frenchmen,  were  discharged  on  taking  the  oath  of  neutrality. 

Gov.  Hamilton,  Dejean  and  La  Motiik  were  for  a  while 
•  The  corresponclcnco  la  In  tha  posBogilon  of  Mr.  DBAPua.  ■•  a 


28 

iri)U('(l  uikI  cloMi'Iy  iinpii.scjiu-d  in  a  »luii;j;'('()ii  tit  W'iHiiiiii.shurg', 
U'cru  i)r(»liihil<'<l  tlit-  ijso  of  ptMi,  ink  iiiid  1)ii|hi-,  and  fnnii  all  iiitcr- 
cMjiiisc,  )»y  order  of  flu-  ('omii'il  of  N'ir^iiiia,  wlm  ii|)(mi  r.vainin- 
iiijf  liic  cvidi'iiff;  Ntjfon;  llicni,  found  that.  IIamii.ion  Imd  Ixu-ii 
;;iuUy  of  great  i;ii»olti<*8  to  American  prLsoiH'i's  at  Detrnii;  iliat 
ho  had  (tllered  rewards  for  scalps,  hut  none  for  prisoners,  thus 
inciting"  the  Indians  to  niurdor  the  defenicless;  that  IMmican  was 
the  willing  instrmnent  of  his  »!iuelly,  and  that  La  Motiik  had 
himself  led  .sialpin<j^  j)arli»;s,  wh(»  sparetl  neither  men,  women  nor 
children.  This  imprisonment  led  to  a  notable  eorret«pondenee 
between  WAsiiii^fui'oN  and  Jickfkkson,  the  Crovernor  nf  \'ir- 
ginia,  and  (Others,  as  (o  whether  as  prisoners  of  war,  IIamii-ton 
and  his  companions  were  ikjI  entitle<|  to  diih-rent  treatment. 
They  were  subsei|uently  release(l  and  paroled. 

Ua.miuijn  was  afterwards,  for  one  ycur^  Ciovernor  uf  Canada, 
and  wuH  tlien  appointed  (.jovcrnorof  Dominica,  and  not  long*  after 
died.  Whilt!  CJovernor  of  Canada  he  did  n(.t  entirely  forget  his 
subordinates  at  Detroit.  On  tlu^  ninth  of  November,  I  Is,"i,  he  is- 
aued  an  order  tind  no  one;  should  disturb  Matthew  I'.'i.Morr  in 
the  possession  of  a  lot  near  tin;  dock  yard  by  the  water  side, 
without  producing  titles. 

It  has  (;ft(Mi  b(!en  »;harged  upon  IIamiltox  tliat  lie  was  relent- 
hjssly  (ituel,  that  lie  encouragetl  the  taking  tA'  scalps  rather  than 
prisf)ners,  and  that  the  reign  of  t(Mror  on  our  Westi-rn  border  was 
measurably  his  work.  That  he  willing,  zealously  and  vigorously 
carried  out  the  ruthless  [uilicy  of  the  HritLsh  ministry,  tliere  can 
be  no  doubt,  and  Ijc  eamiot  therefore  have  bei!u  a  kind  or  tender- 
Ueart(!d  man;  that  ho  was  wantonly  cruel  in  the  oxecutitm  of  that 
policy,  I  think  is  not  sutliciently  proved. 

The  conquest  ol"  Illinois,  and  the  subscfiuent  capture  of 
IlAMii;ro.v  constituted  a  turning-point  in  the  history  of  the 
North- Wcs'.  By  these  events,  and  bi/  these  aloni.)  was  the  north- 
western boundary  of  the  new  American  Union  remove(l  iVom  the 
Ohio  to  the  Great  Lakes.  No  where  else  did  the  Americans  have 
a  foothold  in  the  territory  comprising  thesi;  great  States,  and  ex- 
cept for  Gkouoe  RooKUS  Clakk  and  his  victories,  the  Xorth- 
West  w^ould  have  l)oeif  to-day  a  British  Canadian  cvlvnt/.  Just 
this  result  was  anticipated  by  Jeffkusox,  who  wrote  to  Clakk 
expressing  his  interest  in  the  proposed  expedition,  and    predict- 


"~1 


24 

ing  that,  il' successful,  it   would  have  an  important  bearing  ulti- 
mately in  establishing- our  noith-western  boundary." 

All  honor  then  to  Geougk  Kogkus  Clauk,  and  to  Virgiida — 
worthy  of  her  name  of"  Mother  of  States" — who  sent  him  forth, 
and  then  nobly  ceded  the  territory  thus  snatched  by  her  from  the 
common  enemy  to  the  whole  Union,  and  devoted  it  tt)  freedom. 
No  sooner  was  Hamilton'  captured  than  Claur  turned  his 
eyes  toM-ards  Detroit,  but  his  force  was  ((uite  in('onsideral)le,  and 
he  exclaims  with  mortification;  "  Detroit  lost  for  want  of  a  few 
men !" 

Previous  to  the  reception  of  the  news  of  Hamilton's  capture, 
there  vras  |no  little  uneasiness  in  D(»troil.  McIntosh's  expotli- 
tion,  so  fruitless  in  g-ood  results,  had  created  no  little  apprehen- 
sion, and  the  letters  written  to  Hamiltox  at  Vincennes,  clearly 
indicate  that  the  loyalty  of  both  the  French  and  Indians  to  the 
British  cause  was  distrusti'd,  and  the  early  return  of  Hamilton' 
was  strongly  urged.  Major  Lkknol'lt,  who  was  in  conunand 
during  Hamilton's  absence,  connnenced  the  erection  of  a  strong 
fort,  which  was  completed  the  following;  season,  and  which  bore 
his  name,  until  rc-christcned  Fort  Shelby,  in  the  war  of  181^. 
The  Major,  in  his  correspondence  with  Hamilton',  comi)lains, 
that,  while  the  merchants  freely  aided  in  this  work  of  defence, 
the  i'rench  only  lUd  so  on  comjiidsion. 

The  news  of  the  capture  of  Hamilton,  produced  great  con- 
sternation in  Detroit  among  the  adherents  of  the  crown,  and  no 
^ittle  gratification  to  many  of  the  French. 

The  Fort  (Laurens)  which  had  been  established  by  Gen. 
McIntosii  the  fall  before,  was  besieged  in  .lanuary  of  this  year, 
ITTO,  and  its  inmates  were  reduced  to  the  greatest  distress,  and 
almost  to  starvation.  IMany  were  killed.  They  were  linally, 
after  a  siege  of  six  weeks,  relieved  by  '  i"n.  McIntosii,  who  with 
seven  hundred  men  brought  supplies.  (,'ol.  GinsoN  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  command  of  the  garrison  by  Maj.  Vkhnon. 

In  the  stimmer  of  the  same  year,  there  was  anoliier  siege  by  a 
small  Indian  force,  but  by  the  interposition  of  the  friendly  Dela- 
wares,  it  was  i-elieved,  and  s^oon  after  in  August,  the  fort  M-as 
abandoned;  its  estal)lishment  having  ar-complished  no  good, 
while  it  had  greatl}-  irritated  without  over-awing  the  Indians. 
In  July  of  this  year,  Col.  Bowman  headed  an  expedition  of 


one 
uei 
wei 

1 

of 

sui)| 

win 


I    I 


taring  ulti- 


Virgiiiia — 
tliiiurorlh, 
I  or  Iroin  the 
lo  iVoedom. 
turned  his 
erahle,  and 
•ut  oi"  a  lew 

I's  capture, 
I's  exj)odi- 
apprehen- 
les,  olearly 
ans lo  the 
IIamiltux 
I  coiiiiuand 
>f  a  strong 
'hieh  bore 
ir  of  IbU. 
oiMj)lains, 
i"  di' fence, 

•reat  con- 
II,  and  no 

l>y  Gen. 
this  year, 

c.ss,  and 
linally, 

ho  with 
wiia  sue- 

'ge  by  a 
y  Dchi- 
ort  M'as 
u  good, 
i]ians. 
it  ion  of 


26 

one  hundred  mid  sixty  men  from  Kentucky,  against  the  Shawa- 
nees  at  ChiiJicothe.  Afti'r  some  tighting,  in  which  nine  men 
were  killed  ami  a  few  wounded,  they  retreated  without  accom- 
plishing any  dei-isive  results. 

In  October  of  this  yeair,  Major  RotiKKs,  who  was  in  command 
of  some  keel  boats  and  100  nu>n,  while  ascending  the  Ohio  with 
sujjplics  from  New  Orleans,  was  surprised  and  attacked  near 
where  Cincinnati  now  is,  by  a  large  Indian  force.  Major  Roa- 
EKs  and  forty-five  of  his  nuMi  were  killed  idmost  instantly,  and 
only  a  lew  linally  escaiunl. 

Tlu^se  events  were  w<dl  calculated  to  excite  and  encourage  In- 
dian hostilities,  and  unprotected  families  and  settlements  were 
continually  sufl'erlni>-  all  the  horrors  of  savaire  war. 

Tlu^  conviction  was  strong,  and  growing  slionger,  thai  there 
could  be  no  safety  to  the  bi)i(U'r  as  long  as  Detroit  was  in  pos- 
session of  the  IJritish,  who  from  that  jKiint  directed  and  con- 
trolled the  Indians,  and  sup[)licd  tlu'm   with  munitions  of  war. 

On  the  I'ith  of  .ranuary  ot'  this  year,  (ITT'J)  WAsniXdiox, 
in  n  letter  to  a  conunittee  of  ('ongri'ss,  discusser  the  importance 
of  an  cxpi'dition  against  ])etn)it.  lie  suggests  that  security  to 
the  border  is  oidy  lo  be  obtained  by  otfensive  measiu'cs.  C)n  the 
21st  of  A})ril  he  writi's  to  Col.  iiuoDiiKAi),  at  Pittsburg,  to  as- 
certain the  best  season  for  Mich  an  ent(M[>rise,  and  in  November 
IJuODHKAi)  suggists  a  wiutcr  expedition. 

Ci,ai;k  had  again  considered,  during  the  summer,  the  possi- 
bility of  raising  a  snllicient  lone  to  march  upon  Detroit,  and 
had  been  promised  1500  volunteers  fnnn  Kentucky,  but  owing  to 
the  re|)ulse  of  IJowman,  and  other  circumstances,  only  oO  ap- 
peared, ami  he  was  forced  to  al)andon  the  enterjnise. 

The  n(>ws  of  this  proposed  I'xpedition  reached  Di^troit,  and  to 
create  a  diversion  in  favor  o{  the  liritish,  Lieut.  Bknnktt,  of 
the  Sth  regiment,  was  sent  on  an  expedition  against  the  Illinois 
settlements,  by  the  way  of  Chicago.  On  the  1st  of  July,  Major 
De  Pkvsteu,  at  Mackinaw,  issued  instructions  to  Capt.  De 
]^AN»ji,Ai>E  to  do  his  utmost  lo  raise  ''  the  jieople  of  the  Milwau- 
kee Pork,  the  Indian  trilx*  of  Stinkjirils"  (around  Green  Bay), 
*'  and  others  bonhM-ing  on  Lake  Michigan,  and  with  tliem  hurry 
and  join  Mr.  Rknneti'  at  Chicagt),"  and  to  follow  him  by  forced 
marches  if  he  had  left. 


ii 


26 

On  the  30th  of  July,  Bennett  was  at  Chicago  with  one  huu- 
flred  whites  and  two  hundred  Indians,  but  nothing  further  is 
known  of  the  expedition.  AVhen  the  faihne  of  Clauiv's  intend- 
ed enterprise  was  ascertained,  this  was  doubtkvss  abandoned. 

An  abortive  effort  was  also  made  about  this  time  to  incite 
an  Indian  ex})edition  against  Vineennes,  but  it  was  found  that 
the  Indians  in  that  vicinity  had  espoused  the  cause  ()f  the 
"  Bostonians,"  as  they  called  the  Americans,  and  proi)osed  to 
defend  them,  and  nothing  was  done. 

Major  De  Pevstek  had  long  souglit  to  be  transf(>rred  from 
Mackinaw  to  some  other  command.  Gen.  Haldimanu  t'X])ress- 
ing  a  high  ap]ireciation  of  his  services  thert;,  transferred  him 
to  Detrcjit,  where  he  was  in  conunand  as  early  as  October, 
1779.  He  was  succeeded  at  Mackinaw  by  Major  St.  Clair, 
who  remained  in  conunand  until  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1781 
the  British  held  a  treaty  with  the  Indians,  by  wliich  the 
Isl.and  of  Mackinaw  and  Prairie  du  Chicn  were  ceded  by  the 
Indians,  and  both  points  were  soon  afterwards  occupied  by 
the  British  as  military  posts.  •       '.  nnr,    ».• 

The  comiues'  .  Illinois,  the  utter  deiV^at  of  all  (he  magnificent 
])lans  of  ITamii.  \,  of  wliom  the  Indians  had  the  highest  opin- 
ion, and  his  '■aptiiri!  had  greatly  lessened  the  ^>/v',v^y/f;  of  the 
British  naiiu'  iuiiong  the  Indians,  and  increased  that  of  tlie 
Americans.  Savages,  (|uite  as  nuich  as  civilized  men,  respect 
and  believe  in  success,  and  the  British  officers  at  Detroit  felt  the 
necessity  of  striking  some  great  blow  to  restore  anil  retain  llu; 
confidence  of  the  Indians. 

Disaffection  was  too  rapidly  spreading  among  the  French,  M'ho 
never  loved  the  British,  and  who,  since  the  treat}'  between 
France  and  the  United  States,  began  to  express  in  various  ways 
their  sympathy  with  the  Colonies.  Under  the  direction  of  Gen. 
HALDi>rAND  in  command  at  Quebec,  who  was  to  furnish  funds 
therefor,  ample  arrangements  were  to  be  made  for  the  most  im- 
posing, extensive  and  destructive  Indian  expedition  against  the 
border,  that  had  ever  been  organized;  to  bo  accompanied  and 
aided  by  Canadian  volunteers,  and  U^d  by  liritish  officers  of  the 
regular  army.  To  give  eclat  to  the  expedition  and  nmke  it  ir- 
resistible, cannon  were  to  accompany  it. 

Preparations  of  the  most  extensive  character  were  commenced 


in  the  winter  of  1779  and  '80,  and  were  kept  up  witliout  inter- 
mission until  the  expedition  was  uj)on  the  war  patli  the  follow- 
ing spring-.  A  large  corps  of  agents  and  interpreters  was  at 
work  among  the  Indians,  arousing  their  eupidity,  exciting  their 
passions,  embittering  their  zeal,  and  enlisting  their  energies. 
They  were  largely  and  freely  furnished  with  thos(!  articles,  which 
increased  their  comfort,  attracted  their  fancy,  or  added  to  their 
murderous  efficiency. 

One  single  merchant ile  firm  in  Detroit,  "  MAro:MB,  Edgar  & 
Macomh,"  charged  to  the  Indian  Department  from  December  29, 
1779  to  May  10,  1770,  for  goods  furnished  thereto,  £42,989  8s 
8:Jd  sterling,  or  about  ^215,000;  and  £12,185,  15s  Od  for  provis- 
ions, which  account  was  paid  by  Maj.  De  Peysteu  by  draft  on 
Gen.  Ha  Mint  AND. 

The  first  charge  on  this  account  is  for 

£         s.     d. 
3,972    blankets , 2,025       5      4 

TJie  second :  ^ 

750    pounds  vermilion 750      0      0 

Other  items  of  the  account  may  not  be  without  interest : 

•jti-:    !i     >x    ,,,,,.   ...j       Munitioiu^  of  W<(r. 

''■*''  '^      '                                                                           £  s.  d. 

4,574    blankets 0,oSl  6  0 

14, ".•75    pounds  ball,  lead  and  shot l,l'2o  2  6 

11,925    flints 

8,000    iKHuidg  jK)wder 2,000  0  0 

47t'>    dozen  scalpin;^  knives 428  8  o 

?.04    dozen  refl-liiif't  knives 183  12  0 

4 1  \  dozen  otiier  knives ^7  7  0 

188"  tomahawks 119  0  0 

3,3r);{    pounds  of  brass  and  eoppor  kettles 1,198  13  4 

G,894i  pounds  tobacco,  10s 2,5n2  9  0 

Ommnental  Supplies. 

l,20r)  pounds  vermilion 1,200  0  0 

21,001}  yards  thisel  laee 450  10  0 

301  dozen  l(M)kiuij;-glasses 424  10  0 

120  f;ross  Morris  bells I'^O  0  0 

8,811  silver  buekles 3,343  3  3 

8,200  earlmbs 1,040  0  0 

30  stono  neeklaoes '^  ^  *^ 

280  pounds  beads '19  0  0 

522  gross  brass  riuf^s   ., '^7  11  4 

142  wristl»ands,  7s 49  14  0 

135  arm-bands,  30s 212  10  0 

147  gorgets,  25s 183  15  0 

229  ear  wheels,  12s 137  8  P 

30  watch  chains  I'or  the  ears,  60s.  per  doz 9  0  0 


:!l 


h 


11 


h 


! 


•       28 

£  «.  d- 

69  hair  pipes,  10s 29  10  0 

15  hair  plaU's,  25H 18  15  0 

51  Itirjfo  (louhle  crosses,  1 6s 40  16  0 

115  Cliiists  [silviTtrosscs?],  Hs 9  2  0 

151  pieces  floweivii  broad  riWion,  JiOs 2'2C.  0  0 

12H  liiwd  )mts,  2(is 129  0  0 

6  yards  scarlet  doth, 'lOs 12  0  0 

Besides  these  items  furnished  at  Detroit,  gdods  were  distrib- 
uted to  the  Indians  in  their  own  country  by  emissaries,  who 
used  every  artifice  to  arouse  them  to  take  up  the  hatchet : 

Thus,  Chaklks  BEArniEX  furnished  gooils  to  Indians  at  Miairii 

Town  

Mattiikw  Elliott,  in  Indian  Country 

Capt.  MiKkk do 

Oeokgk  GiRTV do 


£. 

.^. 

(/. 

Go:{ 

8 

0 

47 

fi 

9 

8135 

ft 

G 

75 

17 

0 

s. 

./. 

o 

(1 

0 

0 

2 

6 

0 

0 

The  latter  was  also  furnished  with  a  gun,  three  horses,  a  sad- 
dle and  bridle,  lor  the  Indian  country,  doubtless  to  aid  him  in 
subsidizinj^  the  Indians  to  British  interests. 

At  Detroit  there  were  usually  at  this  time  several  hundred  In- 
dians g'uthered  around  the  Fort;  and  these  were  doubtless 
largely  fed  at  the  public  expense,  and  oc.-casionally  some  were 
received  within  the  pickets,  and  there!  entertained.  Thus  bills 
like  these  are  found:* 

FovTE.NOY  Dkijiixduk — lodjiiug,  &c.,  Indians, 11 

CllAliLKS     (h  ION do l;'> 

PlEHRE   I>l!0irLLAUn (lo 95 

Andkkws  i:  Meldrim,  lod-^ing,  &c.,  Wabash  Indians 11 

On  one  occasion  two  Indian  chiefs,  a  Shawnee  and  a  Miami, 

are  furnished  with  horses. 

Ill 

It  cannot  be  wcjndered  at,  that  such  efforts  and  such  largesses 
as  these,  skillfully  addressed  to  the  strongest  passions  of  the 
savage  character,  enlisted  them  so  generally  in  the  British  in- 
terests. 

If  the  inhabitants  of  the  Ixn-der  had  any  inkling  of  the  ])rodi- 
gious  efforts  which  were  thus  making  to  hurl  upon  them  a  force 
at  once  so  murderous  and  so  overwhelming,  they  must  have 
looked  forward  with  dread  juid  foreboding  to  the  coming  season. 

But  in  the  meantime,  mirth  and  gayeiy  reigned  and  held  high 

festival  at  Detroit.      Without    were    the  congregated  Indians 

sporting  their  ornaments  and  gay  attire,  indulging  in  savage 

games  and  dances,  making  day  and  night  hideous  with  coarse 

♦Original  MS.  Books  in  Michigan  UlBtorical  Society. 


«.   d- 

29     10       0 

18     15       0 

40     16       0 

9       2       0 

2(5       0       0 

2!>       0       0 

12       0       0 

i  distrib- 

ies,   who 

)t: 

£.      s.    d. 

y.\     s     0 

17       fi    0 

35      r.      0 

75    17      0 

CS,  Jl  sjul- 

id  him  in 

udrcd  Tu- 

doiiblh^ss 

iin\i  were 

'hus  bills 

£.      «.    <1. 

I         0         () 

;{     0      0 

»5       2       6 

1        0       0 

li  coarse 


29 

hilarity,  and  not  unfrequently  making  a  display  of  American 
scalps.  Within  wore  gatlicrod  many  army  and  navy  oHloers, 
and  their  families,  together  with  many  intelligent,  enterprising 
traders,  whom  this  large  expenditnn;  of  ])nbli(!  money  had  at- 
tracted to  this  point,  and  <-juite  a  number  of  agreeal)le  and  at- 
tractive French  settlers  with  their  families.  Altogether,  they 
were  too  few  in  number  to  be  divided  into  classes,  and  they  lived 
almost  as  one  great  family.  Shut  out  for  a  long  winter  from  all 
intercourse  with  the  rest  of  the  world,  dependant  upon  thtan- 
selves  for  society,  secure  from  the  actual  presence  of  the  war 
that  els(nvhere  prevailed,  the  inhabitants  gave  themselves  up  to 
social  pleasures  with  a  joyous  zest.  Dancing  asseinl)lies  were 
visually  held  weekly,  at  which  all  attended;  or  as  (\'ipl.  (Ikant, 
in  a  letter  of  a  different  date,  says,  "  We  hop  and  Ijob  every 
Monday  ev(Mung  in  the  C(iimcil  l?oom."  Tlu;  ladies  dressed 
richly,  and  always  in  silk.  Silk  petticoats  costing  from  £3  Vis 
to  £o,  are  freipiently  charged  to  ollicers  and  citizens  in  mer- 
chahts'  accounts.* 

Dancing  must  have  been  a  favorite  amusement,  and  must 
have  been  cultivated  as  a  fini^  art.  The  following  are  some  of 
the  "  dancing  bills  "  actually  paid  in  the  spring  of  1780: 

■  £«.(/. 

Mnj.  Dk  1'kystku li       "•»     11 

Caiit.  HuiTTON,  of  the  iiiivy 12     12       7 

('iil)t.  (lUANT,  of  the  navy 11       9        1 

('apt.  Hi  KNKT '. M        9        1 

Mr.  FoiWYTii 20     12       7 

Dining  and  other  parties  were  frecpient  when  choice  wines  were 
freely  drank.  On  the  l7th  of  March  Major  1)e  Pkysteu  is 
charged  with 

■\  casks  of  Mailcrio  (115  gallons),  40s 2.TO 

1  ca.sk  red  port  (.;{()   galls.),  ;;tM 45 

Other  gentlemen  are  not  unfreqnently  chargeil  with  wine  by 
the  cask. 

Cards  must  also  have  been  a  favorite  anuus<Miient,  as  Maj.  Db 

Peystku  is  charged  with  two  and  a  half  do/en  packs  within  three 

months,  and  other  gentlemen  in  about  the  same  ratio. 

♦  Grant's  letter  In  Mr.  Db/i-kk's  poBsekslon.    Judge  Mat'h  etatement,  aud  acconnt 
booltB,  p.  43,  collection  of  Michlgaii  His.  Society. 


i'  ii' 


30 

Prices  are  indicated  by  the  following  charges:     '■■  T  'i^^  •"■  '! 

£     8.     d. 
roik,  i)pr  M.i... :..';. ........! i<^     o     o 

i'lour.  i)CT  i)bl.,  of  lC(j  lbs 8       «       0 

Indian  twn 3:2s.-  1H'»*  '"i«h. 

Rum :i"'s-  tl"  Ki^l- 

Vini'Lrar l''"*-  '1"    ''^ 

Grei'u  ten -<»!^-  ^l"   I*J> 

Cotlw f.s.  »1()  do 

Chocolate T^-  '1'>   'lo 

Castile  soaj) •''•'^-  do   do 

Cinnamon JOs.  do   do 

Nutmegs 40s.  do   do 

Cloves. -Is.  do  o/. 

Salt .fl  do   keg. 

Candles Jis.  (id.  do  11>. 

Bnuff llis.  do   do 

In  one  instance  a   slave  is  charged  at  .t'lOO. 

A  soniowhat  imiqiit!  curroiicy,  or  measure  of  vidues,  prevailed 

amono- those  who   traded  with   the  fndians,  vis:  "bucks"  and 

"does,"*  instead  of   pounds  and  dollars.     Thus    Col.  GussoN, 

commanding  at  Fort  Laiuvms,  acknowledges  himself  ind(;l>ted  to 

"  Cai)t.  Joiixxy"  for  pork  furnished  the  garrison,   "  seven  bucks 

and  one  doe."    ■  '  '   •  :       '  -   '^         :^      u  ;.»  in  .n 

I  find  a  contemporaneous  charge   to   Geokoe  Giutv,  as  fol- 
lows: '  "■     ■•'    '    ■   '  -'    ■  "i'  '  '-■"'  ■ 

Bucks. 

To  salt,  at  Shawnv  towns 4 

To  IIC)  lbs  Hour. ". 14 

To  one  bag  with  do 2 

Tobacco 'A 

■O    Ml:  ^3 

A  '•  buck"  was  eciuivulent  to  about  one  dollar. 

The  expedition  for  which  such  ample  preparations  were  made, 
was  organized  in  the  Spring  of  1780.  An  attempt  was  made  to 
get  up  a  volunteer  force  to  accompany  the  Indians.  For  this 
purjooso,  a  popular  and  iuflu(.'utial  Frenchman,  Louis  Jeancaike 
CiiOBAKT,  was  commissioned  as  Captain,  and  an  Englishman, 
afterwards  a  leading  and  influential  merchant,  Jonathan  Scheif- 
FLEIN,  as  Lieutenant.  These  with  two  sergeants  and  a  eorjjoral, 
all  Frenchmen,  undertook  to  organize  a  company.  Twenty-five 
men,  of  whom  twenty-one  bore  French  names,  did  vcjlunteer,  but 
no  more.  Then  follows  in  the  record  a  list  of  thirty-two  ntimes, 
under  the  significant  heading  "  ordered  to  [/o.^^  Of  these,  all  bu:^ 
•Abbreviated  parlance  for  buckskina  and  doeskins.  L.  C.  D. 


;  8 

.  d. 

0 

0   0 

8 

«   0 

]m' 

liush. 

.    do 

K'll- 

do 

do 

.  do 

lb. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

<b 

do  ; 

.  do 

oz. 

(Jo 

kog. 

BuckH. 

•t 
. .      14 

2 

2» 


81 

four  are  Frencli  names.  And  under  the  same  lieadiiif^,  follow  the 
names  ol"  twenty-thnu;,  all  French  hut  one,  who  were  "ordered 
to  go"  with  Captain  Ciikxe.  This  irregular  Ibree  thus  consisted 
of  eig'hty  privates  and  six  oflicers. 

The  Indians  who  joined  the  expedition  are  variously  estimated 
from  five  hundred  to  one;  thousand.*  Whether  any  reoular  sol- 
diers .aecompiinied  it,  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain;  but  it  is 
probable  that  there  were  at  least  sulTicient  to  man  tlu;  six  small 
camion  that  were  to  make  the  attaks  ag-ainst  the  stockades  of  the 
fnmtiers  irresistible. 

The  exjicdition  was  under  the  conuiiand  of  Ciijitain  liiUD,  of 
the  Kig'hth  or  King's  regiment.  When  it  left  Detroit,  1  do  not 
know,  but  the  milit'a  forct^  was  eomi)letely  organized  by  the 
twenty-fourth  ol  March,  from  which  day  tli(!y  were  paid — i>ri- 
vates  receiving  <bur  shillings  per  day.  It  doubtless  passed  up 
the  Maum(K;,  or  Miami  of  the  Lakes,  and  crossed  to  the  head 
waters  of  the  Great  Miami,  which  it  descended  in  canoes.  I 
■  fijid  twenty-two  i)irogut;s  t)r  canoes  charged  to  the  Indian  Dej)art- 
ment  at  this  time,  two  of  which  were  delivered  to  Captain  Biun 
while  on  the  way.      ,  .        , 

The  expedition  aimed  its  first  and  only  blow  at  two  small 
stations  on  the  liicking  river.  It  must  have  moved  very  slowly. 
It  appeared  before  lUiddi'll's  Station,  (Harrison  count}',)  on  a 
branch  of  the  Licking  river,  a  small  settlement  of  the  previous 
year,  on  the  2''\d  of  .rune.  It  had  bc^en  twelve  daj-s  marching 
from  the  Ohio,  some*  forty  or  fifty  miles  distant.  Tin;  inhabitants 
■were  taken  by  sur|)rise ;  resistance  was  hopeless,  and  tliiiv  sur- 
rendered. One  man  and  two  wcmien  wen^  killed;  the  rest 
became  Imlvtn  ratlun-  than  British  prisoners.  The  settlement 
was  plundered,  families  were  separated,  and  the  inhabitants  laden 
like  pack  horses  with  their  own  effects;  and  those  who  sank 
under  their  burdens  w(n-e  mercilessly  tomahawked. 
"A  similar  scene  took  place  at  Martin's  station,  a  few  miles 
above.  These  successes,  small  as  they  were,  sharpened  the 
Indian  appetite  for  murder  and  ])illage,  and  they  urged  Capt. 
Bird  to  attack  the  older  and  more  important  settlements ;  but 
he   refused,   and    precipitately   retired   with    his   whole   force. 

*  A  manuscript  Btatcment  of  Captftin  .Toux  Dtnkin,  ono  of  tho  captives  suv?.  "  about 
eight  hundred  warriors/'  nccoinponled  the  expedition,  bat  uuthing  ia  taid  ua  to  the  Dum- 
ber of  whites  etir'ajje'l  In  ft.  L.  C.  D. 


8fi 


Thus  iuijlorimisly  nndcd  the  expedition  from  which  so  niurli  had 
been  aiiticipatod.  'I\vo  small  slalions  liad  been  t'a]>turod  and 
some  ]vrisoners  taken.  It  is  believ<'d  that  C^tpt.  liiitn  found 
lilmself  unable  to  control  the  treaelierons  enielty  of  the  Indians, 
and  that  his  course  was  dictated  by  the  noblest  feelin<j^s  of 
humanity.*  Most  of  th(>  captives  were  broup-lit  to  Drutroit, 
where  the  ex]iedition  arrived  early  in  Au<>'ust,  probably  on  the 
4th,  as  the  m.ilitia  were  ]»aid  to  that  time. 

This  ex])edilion  aroused  the  Kenluckians  to  retaliation,  and 
on  the  tirst  of  Atipfust,  nearly  one  thousand  men  under  (ren. 
Cr.AitK,  u'ulhered  at  the  site  of  Cincinnati,  and  marched  into  the 
Indian  coimtry  on  ^bid  i?iver,  where  after  a  battle  with  the  In- 
dians, they  burned  their  villages  and  destroyed  their  ero])s,  thus 
greatly  crippling  their  resources  and  power  of  mischief.  The 
loss  of  the  invaders  was  seventeen  men.  These  were  the  princi- 
pal events  of  this  year,  1780,  but  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  con- 
stant reference  to  the  great  importance  of  capturing  Detroit. 

On  the  10th  of  February,  Gov.  Jkffkksox  writes  to  "Washixo- 
Tox,  suogesting  an  expedition  against  Detroit,  to  be  connnanded 
by  Clauk,  rather  than  Bkodiikao. 

On  the  11th  of  February,  Bhodiikad  writes  to  WAsntNr.TON, 
informing  him  of  the  new  fort  at  Detroit  and  its  situation,  great 
strength,  and  that  its  garrison  is  four  hundred  and  fifty  regulars. 
On  the  "^4th  of  April,  the  same  olficer  writes  that  the  expedition 
against  Detroit  must  be  given  up,  unless  O.akk's  troops  can  be 
imitcd  Avith  his.  On  the  30th  of  May,  he  Avrites  that  the  contra- 
dictory statements  as  to  the  garrison  at  D(!lroit  had  determined  him 
to  send  Capt.  BRABvf  with  five  M'hites  and  two  Delaware  In- 
dians to  Sandusky,  to  take  a  British  ])risoner,  and  that  he  had 
promised  to  other  Delaware  warriors,  fifty  hard  dollars  worth  of 
goods  I'or  one  British  soldier.     lie  hopes  for  success,  and  if  an 

♦ThiB  memorable  espodition  was  originally  dcpisnod  to  utrike  at  Col.  Ci.ark  and  l\U 
garrison  at  L'.u:eville;  but  the  strcnmrt  wore  unusually  lull  ihat  seaeun,  which  clrcnm- 
Ptance  irduci'd  Birn)  to  chanse  his  original  purpoe'c  of  aftackintr  I-ouiKvUlo  first :  and 
therefore,  decided  to  ascend  LickinK  river,  into  the  haart  of  the  K^utuckv  Rottlements, 
coiiveyini:  his  iirlillery  by  water  to  Iluddell's  and  Martina's  Stations,  and  tlienco  by  land 
to  Brj Jin's  Station  and  Lcxlnijton. 

A'ler  th(!  cai)ture  of  Uuddell's  and  Martin's  Stations,  hi?  Indian  allies  pressed  his 
goint,'  forward  to  assist  them  to  take  Bryan's  and  I^xington,  Bird  declined,  urging  Ri>  a 
reason  the  Improbability  of  procuring  provisions  to  support  the  prisoners  they  already 
had,  also  the  impracticahtllty  of  transporUnj,'  their  artillery  by  land  to  any  nolnt  on  tho 
Olilo  river— therefore  the  necessity  of  descending  the  Licking  before  the'wutcis  fell, 
which  might  be  expected  to  take  place  in  a  few  days.  L.  U.  D. 

tTho  forty  yeary  border  warfare,  from  1754  to  17',tl,  produced  no  better  spy  and  scont 
than  Capt.  Samuel  Bradt.  Ills  adventures,  full  of  thrilling  interest,  It  is  the  desltfn  of 
the  writer  of  this  note  to  embody  In  a  volume,  lor  which  he  has  been  over  thirty  years 
collecting  the  necessary  materials.  L.  C.  D. 


88 


intelligent  ])risonor  is  o})tuin(!(l,  lie  jiroposos  to  p^rnut  hiin  som(3 
iudulg<'nro  lor  intr'iligoncc!.  On  the  iiotli  of  August,  lie  writes 
that  the  Hriti.sli  trcMit  the  Fri^nch  at  Detroit  with  great  severity, 
and  the  latter  are  ready  to  W(^leonie  American  troo))s. 

On  the  25th  oi"  September,  (Jov.  .FiorFicHsoN  writes  that  the 
exposed  static  of  the  Virginia  frontier  makes  it  neeessary  to  keep 
from  Jive  hundred  to  eight  hundrcnl  men  on  duty,  to  defend  them 
against  northern  Indians,  acting  undiT  tht*  iniluence  of  tin;  Brit- 
ish post  at  hetroil,  J l(^  suggests  an  expedition  against  Detroit 
under  C/i-Ai!K,  at  the  general  (;xpense,  estimating  its  eoi^t  at  ^"i,- 
()0(),(K)().  On  the  loth  of  December,  he  writes  tluit  tliey  have 
n^asou  to  expe(!t  that  the  ensuing  spring  a  force  (»f  two  thousand 
British  and  Indians  will  d(^sc(Mid  upon  the  border,  and  that  Vir- 
ginia has  det<'rmineil  to  midertake  the  destruction  of  Detroit, 
and  asks  the  loan  of  arms  and  munitions  of  war  for  the  expedi- 
^  tion. 

On  the  10th  of  December,  WASiiixciTON  writes  to  Col.  Buod- 
HEAD,  at  Pittsburgh, to  furnish  the  required  arms  and  numitions, 
and  to  aid  the  expedition  of  Col.  Clakk,  to  the  extent  of  his 
power,  lie  states  that  the  inability  of  the  Continent  to  nnder- 
tak(;  the  reduction  of  Detroit,  "  has  imposed  the  task  upon  the 
State  of  Virginia." 

The  invasion  of  V^irginiain  1T81,  by  the  British  under  CoRX- 
"WALLis,  j)revented  that  Slate  from  furnishing  the  proposetl  aid 
to  this  expedition;  still  Clakk  made  a  great  ellort  to  secure  the 
necessary  force.  He  visited  Fort  Pitt  in  May  of  this  year,  and 
not  getting  all  the  aid  in  men  that  he  had  expected,  he  writes  to 
Wasiiixgton,  on  the  2Gth  of  that  month,  soliciting  orders  for 
such  aid.  He  sayh,  "  the  Indian  war  is  now  more  general  than 
ever,  and  any  attempt  to  appease  them  except  by  the  sword  will 
be  fruitless,"  lie  predicts  fatal  onsequent.'es  to  the  whole  fron- 
tier shoidd  the  ex})editi(>n  fail.  Bui  like  many  another  well 
planned  expedition  for  the  cause  of  the  Colonies,  it  (?/(7  fail  for 
want  of  means  and  men. 

Clakk  attempted  to  rendezvous  a  force  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Licking,  which,  when  organized,  was  to  ascend  the  Miami,  but 
instead  of  gadiering  two  thousand  men,  as  he  hoped,  only  seven 
hundred  and  lifty  came,  "  and  the  buiialo  meat  was  all  rotten." 
A  force  of  over  one  hundred  men,  coming  to  his  aid,  from  Wes- 

c.  ■■  ■■  ■■■•--'<■■ 


84 


1 


tern  Pcnnsylvnniti,  was  waylaid  and  nearly  oxterniinated.  To 
the  ^reat  chagrin  of  Clakk,  the  exix'dition  was  abandoned. 

Gen  luviNK,  then  in  eonunand  at  Pitt.sl)urgli,  writes  to  Gen. 
Washington  on  the  2d  day  of  Decinnher,  1T81,  announcing  the 
failure  of  the  exjx'dition,  and  })redit'ts  tlu*  most  disastrous  re- 
sults. Tlie  Indians  and  jjcrliaps  tlu;  IJritish  from  Detroit,  will 
fall  on  the  country  with  double  fury.  Fort  I'itt  is  indefensible, 
and  tli(>  inhabitants  on  tlu;  frontier  talk  of  Hying  east  of  the 
mountain.  He  says,  Clark  "  is  apprehensive  of  a  visit  from 
Detroit,"  in  KentucUy;  and  that  the  Indians  are  so  numerous 
there,  "  that  all  the  inhabitants  have  been  obli<rod  to  ke(»])  (^lose 
in  forts."  He  believes  *' if  J )etr()it  was  demolished,"  it  would 
give  "  af  least  temporary  ease  to  this  country." 

On  the  7th  of  February,  1782,  he  Avrites,  that  it  would  take 
2,000  men  and  three  month's  lime  to  reduce  Detroit,  and  that 
Auj^ust  is  the  best  time  for  the  expedition.  He  (estimates  the 
garrison  to  consist  of  300  regulars,  from  700  to  1,000  militia 
(Canadians),  and  that  1,000  Indians  could  be  assembled  in  ten 
day's  time  j 

This  was  the  last  of  all  the  projects  for  the  taking  of  De- 
troit. Tin;  long-deferred  hope  oi  the  capture  of  this  nest,  where 
were  liatched  all  the  i)iojects  for  carrying  devastation  and  mur- 
der to  our  borders,  and  from  whence  these  projects  received  their 
support,  made  the  settlers  of  the  border  sick  at  heart,  and  led  to 
cold-blooded,  cowardly  acts  of  nuirderous  revenge,  which  have 
left  a  dark  and  indelible  stain  upon  our  annals,  that  we  may  not 
read  without  indignant  and  burning  shame. 


H'il 


THE    MORAVIAN    INDIANS. 

I  have  already  adverted  to  the  fact  that,  for  the  most  i)art,  the 
Delawares,  through  the  influence  of  the  Moravian  missionaries 
on  the  Muskingum  and  its  branches,  remained  netitral.  These  mis- 
sions were  established  by  the  famous  D  >  vii>  Zeishergeu  in  1772, 
and  afterwards  there  were  associated  with  him  the  scarcely 
less  famous  Heckeweldek  and  other  co-laborers.  .<     .> 

They  had  met  with  remarkable  success  among  the  Delawares — 
a  most  intelligent  tribe — and  had  gathered  around  them  some 
four  or  five  hundred  converts,  including  some  powerful  chiefs, 
and  were  rapidly  introducing  amongst  them  the  customs  and  ha- 


fex*' 


--«w--«f      ^ 


86 


(1.    To 

(<)  Gon. 

ii/JT  the 

Ions  rc- 

it,  -will 

fiisihle. 


bits  f)f  civili/cil  llfi?,  and  ospfM-ially  wen*  lliey  IxM^oiMing-  suceoss- 
ful  i!uUi valors  of  the  soil.  ( )n  tlic  l)i(!alviii<r  out  of  llio  {{nvolut ion, 
their  sett  led  polity  was  one  of  peace  and  leutrallly.  This  poli<'y, 
us  W(!ll  U8  their  location,  exposed  them  to  tin;  su.spit;ions  of 
both  of  the  contendinjj^  parties.  They  were  on  the  shortest  and 
best  rout<?  for  the  Northern  Indians  lo  i]u\  V'ir^inia  bonh'r,  and 
from  necessity,  as  well  as  by  the  force  of  Jndian  customs,  they 
treated  ihest;  Indians  with  hospitality.  On  the  other  hand  tlH!y 
Ijersuaded  many  an  Indian  I)and  to  abamhiu  some  murderous  di;- 
siffu,  and  warned  the  frontier  settlers  of  many  another.  The 
fierc(;  ])avSsions  of  the  hour  madi;  no  allowance  for  this  aj)parently 
contradictory  conduct,  and  they  wen;  looked  upon  with  undis- 
guised jealousy  from  both  sides.  That  infamous  trio  of  IJritish 
ennssari(!s,  M*  Rkk,  Elmott  and  Simon  Giktv,  were  espinnally 
inimi(;al  to  the  missionaries.  More  than  once  had  tla;  last  named 
of  thenj  i)lamied  the  murder  of  ZKisuicuciKU,  but  his  plans  seemed 
frustratiMl  by  a  Divine  interposition.  In  April,  1781,  Col.  liiton- 
UEAi),  in  conunand  at  Pittsburg,  organized  an  expedition  of 
about  three  hundred  men  and  marched  to  the  Tus-ca-ra-was,  and 
attacked  some  j)agan  l)elawar(!s,  who  had  espoused  the 
British  cause,  and  succeeded  in  killing  fiftecui,  and  taking  twenty 
prisoners,  lit!  treated  the  nussionaries  and  their  converts  with 
kindness.  This  (;xcit(;d  the  suspicion  and  the  ire  of  those  in 
IJritish  interests,  and  it  was  determined  that  the  mission  should 
Ito.  destroyed.  Early  in  August  a  large  comj)any  of  Indians,  led 
by  Elliott,  and  accomj)anied  by  six  otlun-  white  m{?n,  appeared  at 
one  of  the  missions,  bearing  the  Jiritish  Hag.  After  many  days 
of  attempted  negotiation,  and  of  menace,  it  wasd(!t«M'mined  tore- 
move  the  missionaries  to  Detroit.  They  were  seized  by  force, 
and  on  the  11th  of  September,  they  with  their  families,  and  the 
whole  body  of  Christian  Indians,  left  their  plundered  homes, 
and  on  the  first  of  October  reached  Sandusky  river.  The  story 
of  these  meek,  brave,  noble  men;  their  cruel  treatment  by  Gm- 
Ty;  their  compidsory  march  on  foot  to  Detroit  through  the  hor- 
rors of  the  Black  Swamp,  leaving  their  families  and  converts; 
their  arriv^al,  and  manly  bearing  at  Detroit,  tattered,  weary,  hun- 
gry and  friendless,  as  they  were ;  their  reception  and  courteous 
treatment  by  the  commandant,  Maj.  Db  Peystkr;  the  permission 
to  return  to  Sandusky;   their  suflferings   there    from  cold  and 


86 


fnmlnc  in  the  midst  of  iitilViondly  liidiniis,  iiisj^iri'd  by  Oiiity, 
form  one  of  the  most  tliiilliiifi:  niiiniliv«!H  of  our  Jiuvolution- 
ary  Instory.     ,      '  i 

lu  the  course  of  tlie  wint<T,  so  intense  was  the  famine,  that 
about  l/)() of  the  CJhristian  ImliiiuK  were  permitted  to  return  to 
the  Tns-ea-ra-was  to  gather  th<^  corn  left  there  the  fall  before, 
and  they   were  there  in  Abin^i  followinfr. 

In  February  of  this  y(Nir,  I iH'i,  a  party  of  hubans  from  the 
region  of  Sandnsl<y  penetrated  tlie  setth'inents  of  AN'«<.st(M'n 
Pentisvlvania,  and  eonnnitted  their  cnstomary  (h'prefhitions.  The 
family  of  one  Wau.ack  fell  hcneath  their  murderous  stroke,  under 
circumstances  w«'ll  calculated  to  arouse  the  most  intense  feeling-, 
and  a  deep  thirst  for  reveni>'e.  Supicion,  thouu'h  witho\jt  cans.', 
rested  upon  the  Moravian  fiidian.  An  exju'dition  was  at  onc.'e 
ortrani/ed  of  about  W  men,  mainlv  from  the  settlements  of  the 
Monoiij^ahela,  of  whidi  (^ol.  Williamson  was  comtnander.     '  '" 

They  marched  to  Iho    Moraviai\  towns  early  in   Afarcli,  wliere 
they  found  a  portion  of  th<»  Christian  Indians  wlio  had  been  sent 
back  from  Sandusky,  dwelliiij^  in   ])eace  and  unsuspecting  secu- 
rity.    Thcv  received  VVim.iamson's  party  as  friencis,  treated  them 
witli   liospitality,  and  cheerfidly  dclivcrcfl  to  them  their   ariuH. 
Thev  were  thembiven  together,  bound  and  thrust  into  some  luds. 
It  was  then  vot(;d,  that  the  whole  b(»dy,   men,  wonuMi   and  ehil- 
drefi  should  be  jnit  to  death.     The   details  of   the    cold-blooded 
butclicry  which  followed,  are  too  liorrid  for  repetition.     Tw«'nty- 
nine  men,  twenty-seven    women   and    thirty   children,  twelve  of 
whom  were  mere  babes,  Avere  thus  shamefully  nnndered.     The 
victims  died  like  Christian  martyrs,  praisinjj^  (lod. 
'    This  atrocious  shiu<^hter  tills  us  with  such  horror  and  inibp^na- 
tion,  that  it  is  difhcult  for  us  to  conceive  the  state  of  mind  whicli 
led  to  it.     lint  we  should  rem<Mnl)er,  that  for  years,  the   border 
had  sulVered  all  the  terrible  nuirderons  atrocities  of  an  Tn<lian  m'RV  ; 
that  the  settlers  did  not,  and  could  not,  fully  distinjjuisli  between 
the  perpetrators  of  these  deeds  of   blood,  and  those  innocent  of 
them;  that  Avith  them  an  Indian  was  Init  an  Indian,  and  that  the 

passion  for  revenge  had  been  roused  to  deepest  fury,   t .../,>*..,«; 

This  expedition  gave  birth  to  anoth(;r  and  a  nnicli  more  for- 
midalile  one,  organized  with  a  like  intent — to  spare  no  Indian, 
friend  or  foe.     Four  hujidrcd  and  eighty  men,  well  mounted  and 


nr 
V\ 

e 

Oi 

su 

an 

er 


d 


if 

armed,  ri'iidc/vouscd  at  the  Miii^o  IJottoin  of  tlui  Ohio,  Jihovo 
VVheiilin;^,  oil  th(^  -iitih  ul"  Mny,  1  iH^i,  unci  Cd.  Cua wkokd  w»8 
clcctrd  coimnuhdiT.  They  n-uchcd  Siiiidiisky  river  .Imic  riih. 
On  thi'  7th,  the  Indians  pivo  thciii  buttle  Milhoiit  (Uu-isivo  ro- 
snllm,  l)iit  iho  Hiivaj^en  were  ovitlenlly  ^jaHierin^  ji  Ifir^-*-  I'onio, 
and  on  the  iHh  ii  rtitreiit  wii.s  orch-red.  CJ(j|.  Ciiawjouh,  and  sev- 
eral others,  t;()t  .separated  froni  the  main  t'orecj,  and  werti  taken 
prisoners.  Several  of  thtMn  were  lomaliawked,  but  to  Cuaw- 
Fouit,  in  retaliation  lor  the  M»»ravian  nias,sa(;re,  was  reserveil  the 
doom  <»t"  death  at  the  stake,  a^^ruvaled  lor  three  honrs  by  liie 
more  than  devilish  in^tiuuity  ol'  his  savayi;  tormentors,  and  the 
derisiv*^  tannts  of  Simon  liiitTV.  'i'hiis  ended  this  diaastrons 
campaign,  «!ommen(!ed  in  eruelty  and  crime. 

While  tliesi?  t'.irriblo  t^vents  had  beim  trans[)irin^',  by  tin;  in- 
irif^iuvs  of  Simon  (Jiuty,  tlu;  Moravians  had  aj^uin  b«!en  ordiMtid 
to  l)(;troit,  which  they  n;aehod  April  l")th.  They  were  treattnl 
with  ^reat  kindnt^sH  by  Major  J.)k  I'livaiKii,  who  informed  them, 
lujwever,  that  ouin;;^  to  the  complaint  of  the  1Iali>'-Kini;,  the 
Wyumlott  chiel",  th<*y  could  not  remain  at  Sandusky.  Tliey 
then  concludeil  to  establish  their  mission  on  what  was  then 
uallc'd  tlu!  Huron  liivor  of  the  North  (now  the  CMinlon),  near 
Mount  Clemens,  wh«!re  tliey   remained  for  somtf  years. 

On  this  occasion  /KisnKlKiEii  prea(;hcd  the  f>ospel  at  Detroit. 
The  only  lioman  Catholic  priest,  b'ather  Simi'I.k,  was  an  old  man, 
who  at  that  time  never  preached.  The  I'rotestanls  had  no  nunis- 
ter  nor  service  of  any  kind.  .Justices  of  tln^  peaci;  attended 
their  wedilings  and  funerals,  and  sometimes  baptised  their  chil- 
dren. 

A  somewhat  luilable  chara<!ter,  tlu;  famous  Mohawk  Indian 
Chief,  Capt.  liuAxx,  was  probably  in  Detroit  in  the  spring  of 
this  year,  as  eight  gallons  of  "best  port"  are  there  charged  to 
him,  at  32s  ptir  gallon.     >   -i,,!  .ii^    ..i    I.'m,  .-    .ii    'i;  .,   i  ,\)      ■  ,-• 

The  capture  of  C'OUXAvai.i.is  at  Yorktown,  in  Octol)er,  1781, 
was  virtually  a  triumph  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  although 
the  iinal  treaty  of  peace  was  not  signed  until  1783,  the  war  had 
l)ractically  ceased  except  upon  the  frontier.  Jn  the  beginning  of 
August,  178'^,  Sir  Guv  Cauleton  wrote  to  Gen.  Wasiiixgtox 
that  negotiations  for  i)(;ace  had  commenced  at  Paris,  and  that  the 
independence  of  the  United  States  would  be  conceded  as  a  pre- 
liminary step. 


r    « 


88 


But  in  the  same  niontli  a  most  forniidablo  force  of  Northern 
Indians,  led  by  Simon  Gnrxv  and  McKkk,  invaded  Kentucky. 
On  the  16th  of  Aug-ust  they  appeared  at  Bryan's  Station,  invest- 
ed it  for  two  days,  when  they  retired,  after  the  loss  of  thirty 
wprriors. 

The  Kentuekians,  aroused  by  this  invasion,  gathered  in  small 
force ;  and  then  foHo-vved,  on  the  IDth,  the  short  and  disastrous 
battle  of  the  Blue  Licks,  in  which,  out  of  about  ISO  men,  GO 
were  killed  and  7  taken  prisoners;  among*  the  killed  was  Col. 
ToDi>,  the  civil  Governor  of  the  Illinois  country. 

To  avenge  this  disaster  Clahk  assembled  about  1,000  mounted 
riflemen,  and  invaded  the  Indian  towns  of  Ohio;  but  the  alarm 
had  been  given,  and  he  found  them  empty  of  inhabitants.  The 
villages  were  fired,  and  the  cornfields  laid  waste.  Seven  prison- 
er., -ere  taken  and  ten  of  the  enemy  killed,  and  two  white  cap- 
t!'''js  re-taken. 

i'he  la .^t  event  of  this  border  war  Avas  the  investment  of  Fort 
Henr-,  at  Wli(^oliug,  l)y  a  force  of  three  hundred  and  fifty  Indi- 
ans uiidcr  Gi'.orvCrK  GiRTY,  and  a  company  of  Queen's  Hangers, 
commaiidcd  by  Cai)t.  Pkatt.  An  attempt  was  made  to  storm 
the  fori,  bul  by  ilie  aid  of  a  small  camion,  it  w:is  rcpidsed.  On 
the  sccdnd  (l:iy  of  the  siege,  (^apl.  Wir.i.iAAisox  with  seventy 
mounted  men,  ciime  to  the  iclief  of  the  little  garrison,  and  the 
Indian.s  quicldy  disappeared.  A  portion  of  them  appeared"  be- 
fore Kir-o's  Fort,  some  fourteen  miles  distant,  but  they  were  re- 
pulsed by  its  garrison  of  six  nitn,  with  a  loss  of  four  warriors. 

This  ^ras  the  last  effort  of  Indian  hostility  which  we  have  to 
notice. 

Peace  was  not  formally  proclaimed  until  April,  1783,  but  a 
state  of  quietude  had  existed  for  months  before.  By  the  terms 
of  the  treaty,  the  North-West,  although  never  comj^letely  con- 
qneved  by  Americav.  arms,  became  a  part  of  the  American  Union. 
Detroit  and  its  dependencies  continued  to  be  occupied  by  the 
British  until  .Tuly,170G,  when  for  the  first  time  this  whole  North- 
West,  came  under  the  dominion  of  the  American  flag. 

Of  its  progress,  of  its  great  wealth  and  un])r(!cedented  growth, 
both  in  population  and  all  the  elements  of  a  Christian  civiliwition, 
I  have  spoken.  It  has  no  grim,  war-worn  battlements,  telling  us, 
in  their  mute  and  expressive  language,  of  an  iron  age — an  iron 


ra( 
eo 
of 
fut 


Oa 


race — long  since  passed  away.  It  has  no  ruined  teni])les  and 
eolunnis — no  bnW<on  statues — no  (>xhuined  cities  left  as  monuments 
of  a  civilization,  which  no  lonufer  exists.  Its  greatness  is  in  the 
future,  3'et  clear  to  thosi;  who  look  through  the  vista  of  coining 
years  with  an  intelligent  and  steady  ga/e. 

But  even  here  we  have  n  jKi.^f,  and  one  of  no  small  interest — a 
past  that  reaches  liack  beyond  the  dearly -defined  regions  of  fact, 
into  the  din\  ami  shadowv  reuions  of  romance.  We  have  the  his- 
tcny  of  the  gay  and  happy  Frenchman  leaving  his  storied,  native 
land — its  vine-chul  hills  and  sunny  valk'vs,  and  with  a  j^assive  he- 
roism, that  ilefies  every  danger,  and  endiu'cs  every  trial,  here 
cheerfull}' — nay,  joyously — struggling  with  nature  in  her  obscur- 
est, wiUlest  dejiths,  and  meeting  upon  his  own  ground, and  around 
his  own  camp-fires,  the  still  wilder  savage; /*(yvi)lanting  the  foot- 
iste})s  of  an  advancing  civilization,  and  in  the  midst  of  every  peril 
and  I'very  privation,  creating  an  Arcadia  of  simple  happiness  amid 
the  gree'i  prairies  and  the  soud)er  forests  thatlincnl  the  banks  of 
our  noble  lakes  and  beautiful  rivers.  The  author,  who  with  a 
genial  s|>irit  and  an  artist's  (>ve,  hioking  through  the  dim  trans- 
parency of  the  past,  shall  rcprodnc»>  to  us  a  true  and  lively  pic- 
tiue  of  the  first  century  of  the  Fr<Mich  occuiiaiion  of  the  North- 
AVt^st,  will  desiu've  and  receive  the  warmiv'^t  gratitude. 

Then  coi\ies  in  our  historv  the  stirring' (Mcuts  connected  with 
the  con(piest  of  Canada  by  (ireat  liritain — the  surrender  of  the 
North-^Vi'st  to  the  conciucrmg  power — the  conspiracy  of  PoxTi- 
AC — the  siege  of  Detroit — the  I'ajjture  or  abandonment  of  other 
posts  su  graphically  described  by  PAKK^[AN;  and  finally  the 
American  Ri'volution,  some  of  the  incidents  of  which  I  have 
sought  to  trace. 

Nor  is  our  later  history  without  its  absorbing  interest.  Dur- 
ing the  war  of  181"^,  the  North- West  was  the  scene  of  stirring 
and  tragic  events;  and  when  armed  rebellion  raised  its  bloody 
hands  against  the  UxiON,  the  North-West  poured  forth  its  hardy 
sons  in  one  generous,  mighty  and  continuous  stream,  and  where 
there  was  danger  to  be  met,  sulVering  to  be  endured,  or  glory  to 
be  won,  they  were  among  the  forenmst.  Stalwart  blows  they 
dealt,  and  their  blood  has  enriched,  and  their  bones  whitened, 
every  battle  field.  ,^ 


■4  ' 


40 


Nor  in  the  glorious  victories  of  peace  does  it  stantl  second  to 
any  ])ortion  of  our  common  country.  Tt  becomes  us,  in  tlie  s[)irit 
of  filial  devotion,  to  I'tiow  and  to  n'co^vniiis  history— to  gather 
up  even  the  minute  threads  thereof,  and  to  weave  them  with  a 
bright  and  natural  coloring  into  one  beautiful,  harmonious  whole. 


..,.'.-V 


A\^ 


■Si'.'j 


'UH   '    i|   ll  "■ 


.Si       >     ' 


.'■  ..,.-1      V  .,  ..1   i',  I. 
.''!/     ,  ■:       ,■'■■• 

,    ■.  I, 

.'I'll'  ri.Mi,;'- 
.':•!' ;  1  ■-  Mii:f 

\  ."'■•'Iti    ■,-4'!0'.i) 

...4.,.  I    .,,:i';^' 

.':'[lijj!,    ■.     ;•!,'. '(   .; 


,:.-.>Y 


-\\ 


■■,,:  -f.      !'■'■■        ■  ■  •>■.'.■,    *       •If.'.   :.,    * 

'  I  • '^    -'u.    ''i.f    ■•I'-    '■•••••    .  \;'i  ■rr'.yi-\    liii^vli.i' 


■/    ;i.    I'tM'')'.  • 

.;■■'. Ki'.u.r.  'r-.!iU'»i 

'■         '      ■       ■  :     .    ■ 

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;i'nM;fi:lf.l   ihOA'T 

f.!  "^■|.J■  .-.,:vi'   v^:,i'.  ,<)i.»t«r!ii,I  ot;  •■'! 

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■  :/■(  ■,..•....  .■■_ 

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I.-  1 


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.iii'-'v^i'J'^iH  !)i!inir''. 


iiUOb 


t'-':i;-,  -.i:!  •    (        ri 
II  .',  ■/  .  ii'/  i.r  II 


appendix; 


I  «i     A  u  ■  7 


JJst  of  Officers,  I/ispccfors,  t^'itn'f/is,  <{!v'.,  hi  the  Indian  Depart- 
ment at  Detroit,  October  2-i,  ITV.). 


Duporon  HaJiy, 
AI('xaii(K'r  McKoe, 
Isailorc  ('lR'siit>, 
Charles  IJraiihin, 
(Eacli  mulcr  pay  at  ton 
t;iiillinj;.f  storliii^'  jter 
clay.) 

Matthew  Elliott, 
Simon  (Jirthy, 
James  (Jirtliy, 
Georfje  (iirthy, 
riere  DrouillanJ, 
William  Tinker, 
Robert  Surplilit, 


Fontonoy  DiuiucnrliT, 
(Eai'h  sixteen  sliillinj^s, 

Yoi'k    eurrenev,   per 

(lay.) 

Nieolas  I.oraine, 
(Ten  shillings, Yoik eur- 
renev.) 

Jeaneaire  t"hal)ert, 
(Ei^^ht    shillinfi's    York 

eurreney,     and     ten 

."hilliiiiis  sterling  from 

iitth  .Mareh.) 

Chuul  Lnhuto, 

Henry  liahy, 


Franeis  Diel, 

Diiplessis, 

La  Seuexe, 

(irogor  MeCiregnr, 

Sampson  Fleming, 

Charles  (ionin, 

Thonuis  MeCarty, 
2\lk  June — 

Francis  L'Coellie, 

D.  Du((uin(ler, 
(Eaeh    eight    shillings 
York  |x'r  (lii_,.) 

John  Maekay, 
(Four  shillings,  York.) 


Dist  of  J'^oliOiteerft,  cir.,  oti  t/ie  Expedition  of  Vaptain  Bird^  with 
their  pay  frotn  2ith  3larch  to  'l^th  Ma  if,  1780. 

Captain  ('habert,  sixty-one  days,  at  ten  shillings  sterling  jjcr  day;  Lieutenant 
Jonathan  Seheitlelin,  eight  shillings,  York  currency;  Anton  Charon  and  Francis 
Habant,  sergeants,  eaeh  six  shilling  York;  Joseph  Carrie,  coriM)ral,  five  shillinga, 
York;  and  the  ioUowing  privates,  each  lour  shillings,  York  currency: 

.loseph  Laliberte, 


Louis  Sonilers, 
F's  Trudelle, 
Antoine  Truttie, 
Claude  Hichard, 
IJazil  Moran, 
Jean  Mary  I'lante, 
I'ierre  Loson, 
Andrew  Bertiaume, 
Joseph  Laibnt, 

^^  Ordered  to  Go'''' — Each  four  shilUngs,  York,  per  day: 


Gnillaume  Mallet, 
J.  H.  Haa/.au, 
John  Jones, 
Jean  Marie  Marion, 
I'ierre  Tessier, 
Francois  Tessier, 
Antoine  Martell, 
Joseph  Longuiel, 


William  (jreg, 
Edward  Shehe, 
.John  Flurry, 
John  Stoekwcil, 
J()se])h  Keagh, 
John  >[urray, 
James  Tussy. 


Jean  Marie  LeCerp, 
Jac(|ues  Chartier, 
Amablo  Jitter, 
Josei»li  Bergeron, 
I'aid  Lasaline, 
Bonavanture  Lariviore, 
I'ierre  Demerk, 
Jaecpies  Frudhomme, 
I'ierre  Ijabutte, 
J.  B.  Labady, 
Louis  Desaunicr, 


Etiennc  Tramblay, 
Caleb  Revnolds, 
J.  H.  Tavuan, 
Jaeciues  Loson, 
Joseph  Cote, 
Charles  Canipau, 
Annible  St.  Etiennc, 
Benja.  Chapu, 
I'ierre  Misee, 
Louis  Moinc, 
Simon  Bergeron, 


J.  B.  Lajeim.'sse, 
Pierre  St.  Louis, 
J.  B.  Ledaux, 
Charleboy, 
J.  B.  rel'tier, 
Francois  Bylair, 
Joseph  Drouilliart, 
Alex'r  Johnson, 
Julien  Labutte, 
J.  B.  Tramblay, 


The  amount  paid  to  the  above  was  £823  189.  8id. 


*  From  M88.  Mlchlgcn  Uiatorical  Society.   These  names  are  as  in  the  original,  but  no 
doabt  many  of  them  are  Incorrectly  Bpelled. 


42 


Tho  following  persons  wore  "ordered  to  go"  with  Captain  Cheno; 

Joseph  Blay,  Joseph  Degagno,  Charles  Leblane,  Pierre  Robert,  and  James 
McPheo,  each  eight  shillings,  York  currency ;  and  tho  following  each  four  shillings, 
York: 


Pierre  Miny, 
Charles  Roseau, 
Simon  Yax, 
Mie'lu'l  Tnuublay, 
Chi'isostonio  St.  Louis, 
Ignaee  Rilletto, 


J.  B.  Mouinerel, 
Joseph  (triniard, 
Andre  Viger, 
Andre  Maw, 
Eticnne  Lebeau, 
Joan  B.  Lajeunesse, 


Francois  Prudhonimo, 
J.  1'.  Yax, 
J.  B.  Labady,  Jr., 
Jaccjues  Chauvin, 
Pierre  CliMichett^^  Cl'k, 
J.  B.  Ledue. 


The  total  i)ay  of  the  above,  added  to  Capt.  Chabcrt's  company,  amomited  to 
£1,165  10s.  S^d. 

Prty  -^^^^  '*/'  VohoiU'crs  with  Papt.   Bird,  f.om   Mty  2oth  to 
Auijmt  4ffi,  1780,  72  d<(i/s: 

Louis  Jeancairc  Chabert,  Captain,  ten  shillings,  sterling,  per  day;  Jonathan  Shif- 
fling,  Lieutenant,  eight  shillings;  Baubautt  Clianon,  A Vm.  Gregg  and  James  Mc- 
Aphie,  Sergeants,  six  shillings ;  Josep  Carrier,  Joseph  Tronillier  and  Joseph  Rough, 
Cor[K)rals,  five  shillings;  and  the  following  privates  at  four  shillings  each: 


Francis  Trudell, 
(iulliame  McUct, 
Bapt.  Bra/.au, 
Claud  Richard, 
Bazii  .\forran, 
Joan  Mario  Plant, 
Antoinc  Truttier, 
John  Floury, 
Pierre  La/on, 
Andi'c  Bortiiiaumo, 
Joseph  Laforost, 
Joseph  Longito, 
Edward  Shehe, 
John  Stoi'kwell, 


John  Jolmes, 
John  Murry, 
James  Trcssey, 
Jean  Marie  Marion, 
Pierre  Tisier, 
Francis  Tizior, 
Antoiiio  Martello, 
Joso|)h  Laliberty, 
J.  J$.  Labadoe, 
J.  M.  L'l(>rf, 
Joseph  15crgeron, 
Bonavantui-e  Liu-ivier, 
Jac(|ue  Prudliomme, 
I'ierre  Laluette, 


Louis  Dezonier, 
Eticnne  Troiuble, 
J.  B.  Faverau, 
Jacque  Lo/.en, 
Benjamin  Cliapue, 
Pierre  Mi/io, 
Louis  Morran, 
Bapt.  Laduke, 
Touissant  Charleboy, 
Bapt.  I'iltier, 
Julian  Labute, 
Jean  B.  Triimblo  Junr, 
Alex,  Johnson. 


Daniel  Whaler,  from  the  2r)di  May  to  20th  June,  27  days;  Joseph  (iuilbeaux, 
from  25th  May  to  Lst  July,  38  day  Ileury  Aunger,  from  25th  May  to  18tl\  June, 
25  days;  John  Rix,  from  25th  May  to  2;5d  June,  30  days;  Roger  Welsh,  do.,  30 
days;  Caleb  Reynolds  and  Pierre Cliinchett,  volunteers,  each  72  days,  four  shillings 
per  day;  Capt,  Morran,  one  lieutenant,  one  f  .^rgcint,  and  forty  men,  for  21  days  on 
Survey,  with  provisions  for  Capt.  Bird's  ;...rty,  Capt.  Moran's  pay  roll  amounting 
to  £199  lOs.,  and  tho  total  of  this  pay  roll,  including  Moran's,  £1,079  12s.  3id. 


"V* --^^l. -<*-      Ti    idH''-    '■*---     V  .-■, 


Jamos 
iliillings, 


CONDITION  OF  THE  SOCIETY.     ' 


A  synopsis  of  tlio  Annual  Report  of  the  Society,  January  3, 
1871,  shows:  That  the  receipts  into  th<5  General  Fund  Ihe  past 
year,  were  $3,588.04;  disburstnuents,  83,341.40,  leaving-  an  unex- 
pended balance  of  ^240.04.  The  Binding-  Fund,  Avhich  was  last 
year  reported  at  1(308.53,  has  been  increased  by  a  $20  life  mem- 
bership fee  from  Col.  Thomas  liKvxoLDs,  and  from  anmial  dues 
and  accrued  interest,  to  1458.07.  The  Society  earnestly  pleads 
for  contributions  to  this  important  fund. 

The  past  and  present  condition  of  the  I^il)rary,  are  shown  by 
the  following  table: 


DATE. 


1854,  Jan.  1 

1855,  Jan.  2 
185(1,  Jan.  1 

1857,  Jan.  6 

1858,  Jan.  1 
185it,  Jan.  4 
1860,  Jan.  JJ 
18(11,  Jan.  2 
18H2,  Jan.  2 
18ft;{,  Jan.  2 
18fl4,  Jan.  2 
18(15,  Jan.  8 
18(1(5,  Jan.  2 
18(57,  Jan.  a 
18(18,  Jan.  4 
18(5!),  Jan.  1 

1870,  Jan.  4 

1871,  Jan.  3 


50 
,()(»(» 
,(1(15 
,  005 
,024 
,107 
,800 
8157 
tilO 
544 
248 
520 

;{(i8 

(•28 
5,4(12 

2,8;58 

ii2:i 
1 ,  970 


22,294 


1,000 

2,000 

300 

959 

5(  M ) 

723 

2,i;il 

711 

2,373 

354 

22(1 

80(5 

2,811 

1,043 

(182 

(5,240 

1 ,  372 


23,330 


•5 

fcC 

c 


50 
2,000 
3,0(15 
1,305 
1,988 
1,(107 
2,528 
1,971 
1,821 
2,917 
t)04 
746 
1,174 
8,734 
6,505 
3,520 
7,163 
3,342 


45,530 


50 

2,050 

5,115 

6,420 

8,403 

10,010 

12,535 

14,504 

15,825 

18,742 

19,346 

20,092 

21,266 

25,000 

31,505 

35,025 

42,188 

45,530 


44 


The  additions  of  the  year  to  tlic  Library,  Imvc  been  1,070  volumes, 
of  wliich  1,270  were  acquired  by  donation,  and  700  l)y  purchase; 
and  1,372  documents  and  pamphlets.  Of  the  book  additions,  50 
volumes  are  folios,  and  241  quartos — inaking  a  total  of  1,001 
folios  now  ill  the  library,  and  2,075  (juartos,  and  3,730  folios  and 
quartos  together.  There  have  been  added  54  bound  vohnnes  to 
the  newspaper  department,  making  the  total  of  that  valual)le  col- 
lection, 1,001  volumes,  of  which  150  volumes  were  i)rinted  prior 
to  the  i^resent  centur3\  The  present  number  of  maps  and  atlases, 
501.  A  portrait  of  Capt.  GiLuicitT  Kxapp  has  been  added  to  the 
Art  Gallery,  and  a  superior  marble  bust  of  Hon.  Alexandkr 
Mitchell,  by  F.  15.  Ives,  an  eminent  sculptor  at  Rome.  The 
Cabinet  of  Curiosities  and  Natural  History  has  received  many 
important  additions. 


i.    [I\f        :)     ,.<■. 


l>. 


■  'fi      •..!.   ;'     L  :•  1  '"  .-'i' 


.   '  VI  / :,;  /{■•■i,    [•.II     I 


!(i  1,1  ' 


\'i  I '/ 


i/.jn 


;1/    /'^(!M- 


i(!'J-(>iV- 


'.  ■  !^ 


I  M 


■  i  I  I  u 


••(•j"l' 


7/  i;/ 


'I,      .1; 


il- 


K^U  l\. 


)  w  - 


7  !■ 


M.'i 


.ij  /,:i 


>),:!}?: 


( 


U-'-f   J   .  ;11 


^WAVi  M  Ai    Ur.l 

■J. A)  I  M.  .J   iioiT 

.  ,:.!<;■:»'// I  !.  H  .iiyv) 

ji.iir.lH  ;i  UJUiU    noli 

H'^i'hJ/JO    ).«    '} 


volumes, 
turchase ; 
tions,  5G 
of  1,0G1 
)lios  and 
ilumes  to 
ja))lccol- 
tcd  prior 
\  atlases, 
ed  to  the 

SXANDEK 

10.     The 
3d  many 

O.'i.!        U.il 


..Mil 
i.nli 

n 

M 


(i! 


1  .,P.H 

iiuil 

i    fioil 
I.'   w 


»v  -'\' 


OFFICEES  OF  THE  S0CIETY-18T1 


,-.  ..•  i.n  pkksidknt;  '  ■■ 

!,,,M  INCREASE  A.  LAPIIAiM,  LL.D.,  Milwaukee.      .    . 

VI(;E  PItKSIDKXTS: 

Urn.  nENUY  S.  IJAIUD, fiimi  Bay, 

Hon.  ALEX.  MITCIIKI.L Milwaukee. 

Hon.  JAMES  K.  DOOF JTTLE Haciiu-. 

IJou.  JAMES  T.  LEWIS t'oliinilms.       / 

Hon.  11  AllLOW  S.  OKTOX,  LLI) Mmlison. 

Hon.  JAMES  SIITHEULAND, Jaiiosvillo. 

Hon.  H.  ]).  HAUKON, St.  Vivh  Falls. 

Hon.  A.  A.  TOWNSENI) Slnillsl>nrg. 

Hon.  GEOIUIK  IIVEU, Oshkosh. 

Hon.  A.  G.  MlLLEll Milwaukee. 

IIOXOIIAUY  VICK  ritKSIIlKNT: 

'     1.  Hon.  CYRUS  WOODMAN', Massachusetts. 

2.  Hon.  PEHRY  IL  SMITH Illinois. 

3.  Hon.  HENRY  S.  RAN  DA  IJi New  York. 

4.  Hon.  JOHN  CATLIN New  Jeisev. 

5.  Hon.  STEPHEN  TAYLOR, JVnnsylvania. 

(1.  H(ui.  A.  C.   DOD(!K Iowa. 

7.    Hon.  L.  J.  ^AR^VELL Illinois. 

COKKKSrON  ni.V(J  SKCIIKTA  UY  : 

LYMAN  C.  DRAPER. 

KKCOUllIXd  SKCKETAUV: 

Col.  S.  V.  SHIPMAN. 

TIlKASniKU: 

A.  II.  MAIN. 

umuarian: 
DANIEL  S.  DURRIE. 

t'lriiATOHs: 

i-'i-Offi'-io. 
Hon.  L.  FAIRCHILD,  Hon.  Li..  BRh>;SK,  Hon.  HENRY  B.KTZ, 

Oovernor.  Seiretary  of  State.  State  Treasurer. 

For  One  Year.  For  Tiro   Ycurs.  For  Three  Yanrx. 

Gov.  L.  FAIRCHILD,  Hon.  D.  WORTIllNtJTON,  Gen.  SIMEON  MILI,S, 

Hon.  E.  B.  DEAN,  V.  V.  CHAPMAN,  Hon.  (;E0.  B.  SMITH, 

Col.  F.  II.  FIRMIN,  IVot:  J.  I).  BUTLER,  (Un.  (J.  V.  DELAPLAINE, 

Hon.  L.  B.  VILAS,  Piof.  S.  II.  CARPENTER,  Dr.  JOSFPH  IIOBBINS, 

Gen.  I).  ATWOOD,  He-i.  JAMFS  ROSS.  Hon.  AND"\V   rROlDFIT, 

Hon.  HORACE  RUBLEE,  N  B.  VAN  SLYKE,  S.  U,  FINNEY. 

O.  M.  CONOVER,  J.  I).  crRNE':.  Hon.  E.  W.  KEYES, 

Hon.  JOHN  Y.  SMITH,  E.  W.  SKINNER,  JAMES  L.  HILL, 

B.  J.  STEVENS,  Maj.  J.  0.  CULVER,  Hon.  S.  D.  HASTINGS. 


46 


STANIHXG  CCBrMITTPJES— 1871. 


I 


Pnbliccttintis — 

Messrs.  Draper,  G.  B,  Smitli,  Butler,  Ciirponter  and  Culver. 

Andiliiiff    IffoiDifs-- 

M  >ssrs.  Hustings,  Firniiu,  Shipmau  anil  Clinpnmn. 

Finance — 

Messrs.  Mills,  Bietz,  Hastings,  Van  Slykc  and  Gurnee. 

EHilownwiil — 

Jlossrs.    Draper,  Van  Slyke,    Dclaf'lninc,   Mills,   Worthington,  Atwood, 
Pinuey,  Orton,  Hill,  Hustings  and  I'roudtit. 

Literary  ExchamieH — 

Messrs.  Durrio,  Firuiin,  Hobhins,  Skinner  and  Breeso. 

Cabinet — 

Aressr.s.  Shipman,  Fuirehild,  Vilas,  Stevens,  Keycs  and  Durrie. 

Natural  Jllstnri/ — 

Messrs.  Laphuni,  J.  Y.  Smith,  Dobbins,  Dclaplaine  and  Stevens. 

Print  iiKj — 

Jlessrs.  Ross,  Carpenter,  Culver,  Keyes  and  J.  Y.  Smith. 

Art  Oalhrji — 

Mi'ssrs.  Carpenter,  Deluplaine,  Mills,  Fau'child,  Breeso,  Vilaa  and  Shipman. 

Jlistoriral  Narratives — 

Messrs.  I'inney,  Fairehild,  Orton,  Shipman  and  Draper. 

Indian  Hii^tnry  and  NonicnelatKrc — 

Messrs.  Chupnnui,  J.  Y.  Smith,  Butler,  Hill  and  Stevens. 

Lectures  at  d  Jissai/s — 

Messrs.  Ross,  Butler,  Worthington,  Conover  jind  Durrie. 

Soliciting  C'onnnittee — 

Messrs.  Hobbins,  Shipman,  Chapman,  Ba?tz  and  Dean. 

Annual  Address — 

Messrs.  G.  B.  Smhh,  Ross,  Gurnee,  Fairehild  and  Finney. 

Metuhershiji  Nominatiuns — 

Messrs.  Mills,  Breese,  Gurnee,  Proudlit  and  Skinner. 

Library  Purchases  and  Fixtures — 

Messrs.  DrajKJr,  Conover  and  Durrie . 

Obituaries — 

Messrs.  Atwood,  Delaplainc,  Rops,  Dean  and  Hastings . 


■  OnjECTs  OF  Collection. — The  Society  earnestly  solicits  of  every  editor  and  pub- 
lisher of  a  newspaper  or  jieriodieal  in  the  State  the  regular  transmisaion  of  such 
publication;  B(X)ks  and  Pamphlets  on  all  subjects  of  interest  or  reference;  Maga- 
zines, Newspaper  Files,  j^Iaps,  Engravings ;  Portraits  of  Wisconsin  pioneers  and 
other  prominent  personages ;  War  and  Indian  relics,  and  other  curiosities;  Narra- 
tives of  Early  Settlement,  Hardships,  Border  Wars,  and  of  the  part  borne  by  Wis- 
consin men  in  the  late  war  of  the  rebellion, 


> 


F4B2.V18 


DO  NOT  REMOVE  FROM  BOOK 


f  CALL  NUMBER 


f-i8D   Loie 


Arr.FRRION  NUMaEfJ^  1  C^^TE  BORROWED 

ni 

•a. 

> 

> 

"^ 

^'i' 

